
Class J§A£- 



Book_tK544^_ 



PRESENTED BY 



AS5E 



I MEDICAL LIBRARY 



FREDERICK HYDE, M. D., 

CORTLAN D, N. Y. 

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9 



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LAWS AND REGULATIONS 



AMERICAN 
MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, 

WITH A SHORT ACCOUNT 



EDUCATIONAL AND BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS 



OF PHILADELPHIA. 



PRESENTED TO 



tLjz^^i 



_ll,-_ M. D. 



BY THE GENERAL COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENT. 



PHILADELPHIA: 
PRINTED BY T. K. AND P. G. COLLINS. 

1855. 



t. ^IaJo-oo ni(\mkx mu m&Miu i 






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419 ^4rc7i >S?ree£. ftefeeeew Eleventh and Twelfth Streets. 



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S. W. orner nf Spruce and Tenth Streets. 



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S. W. corner of Walnut and Fifteenth Streets. 



Dr. ISAAC HAYS, 

" G. EMERSON, 

" WILSON JEWELL, 

" ALFRED STILLE, 

" JOHN B. BIDDLE, 

" FRANCIS WEST, 

" WM. V. KEATING. 



cy, Q^/itt/30, 4 '$55. 



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108 ASbz^/i Eighth Street, near Locust Street. 



COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENT. 



APPOINTED BY THE PHILADELPHIA COLLEGE OF 
PHYSICIANS. 

Dr. GEO. W. NORMS, 

" D. P. CONDIE, 

" LEWIS RODMAN, 

" SAM'L L. HOLLINGSWORTH, 

" EDWARD HARTSHORNE, 

" JOHN NEILL, 

" CASPAR WISTAR 



APPOINTED BY THE PHILADELPHIA COUNTY MEDICAL 
SOCIETY. 

Dr. THOS. F. BETTON, 

" THOS. H. YARDLEY, 

" WM. MAYBURRY, 

" ROBT. P. THOMAS, 

" P. G. SMITH, 

" DAVID GILBERT, 

" JOS. CARSON. 



RECEPTIONS, 



At Noon on Wednesday. 
AT INDEPENDENCE HALL 

BY THE MAYOR OF THE CITY, 
Hon. ROBT. T. CONRAD. 



Evenings, at 8J o^clock. 
Tuesday — Dr. H. L. Hodge, Walnut and 9th Streets. 
" G. W. Norris, Locust and 16th Streets. 
" F. Bache, Spruce and Juniper Streets. 

Wednesday — Dr. G-. B. Wood, 419 Arch Street, be- 
tween 11th and 12th Streets. 
" A. Stille, Walnut and 15th Streets. 
" J. R. Paul, Spruce and 10th Streets. 

Thursday — Dr. S. Jackson, 108 S. 8th Street, near 
Locust Street. 
Mr. Isaac Lea, 396 Locust Street, near 

17th Street. 
Di\ J. Pancoast, 300 Chestnut Street, be- 
low 11th Street. 
" Henry Hartshorne, 551 Arch Street, 
near 15th Street 



INSTITUTIONS 



PROPOSED TO BE 



VISITED ON THE AFTERNOONS OF 



Tuesday — The Pennsylvania Hospital for the 
Insane, 



Wednesday — Girard College, and Fairmount, 



Thursday — The Philadelphia Hospital, Blockley, 



Friday — The Asylum for the Blind. 



CONTENTS. 



Plan of Organization ..... 
By-Laws . . . . . 

Ordinances 

Proposed Amendments to Constitution . 
Standing Committees ..... 

Special Committees 

Code of Ethics 

University of Pennsylvania — Medical Department 

Jefferson Medical College .... 

Medical Department of Pennsylvania College 

Philadelphia College of Medicine . 

Philadelphia College of Pharmacy 

Pennsylvania Hospital ..... 

Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane 

Philadelphia Hospital and Almshouse . 

Friends' Asylum for the Insane 

Wills' Hospital, for the Relief of the Indigent Blind and 

Lame 

St. Joseph's Hospital 

Episcopal Hospital ..... 

City Hospital 

Lazaretto, its Hospital and Quarantine Station 
Western Clinical Infirmary .... 
Philadelphia Dispensary .... 

Northern Dispensary 

Medical Department of the House of Industry 

Preston Retreat 

University of Pennsylvania — Department of Arts 
Girard College for Orphans .... 
Central High School 



13 

21 
23 
32 
33 
35 
40 
65 
66 
67 
68 
69 
70 
71 
72 
74 

75 

76 

77 
78 
80 
82 
83 
84 
85 
86 
87 
88 
90 



VI 11 



CONTEXTS. 



Pennsylvania Institution for the Instruction of the Blind 

Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb . 

Pennsylvania Training School, for Idiotic and Feeble- 
minded Children 

Orphans' Society of Philadelphia , 

St. John's Orphan Asylum 

St. Joseph's Female Orphan Asylum 

Indigent Widows' and Single Women's Society of Phila 
delphia 

Union School and Children's Home 

American Philosophical Society 

Library Company of Philadelphia . 

Academy of Natural Sciences 

Athenaeum . 

Historical Society of Pennsylvania 

Mercantile Library 

Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts 

Art Union of Philadelphia 

Franklin Institute 

United States Mint 

United States Naval Asylum . 

Eastern State Penitentiary 

Philadelphia County Prison . 

House of Refuge for White and Colored Children of both 
Sexes . 

Independence Hall 

Philadelphia Water-Works 

Philadelphia Gas Works 

Philadelphia Car- Wheel Works 

Notable Places .*.".'. 



PAGE. 

92 

94 

95 



98 
99 
100 
101 
102 
104 
105 
106 
107 
107 
108 
109 
110 
112 
114 

116 
118 
119 
121 
123 
125 



PLAN OF ORGANIZATION 



AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 



REGULATIONS. 

I. TITLE OF THE ASSOCIATION. 

This institution shall be known and distin- 
guished by the name and title of "The American- 
Medical Association." 

ii. members. 

The members of this institution shall collectively 
represent and have cognizance of the common in- 
terests of the medical profession in every part of 
the United States ; and shall hold their appoint- 
ment to membership either as delegates from local 
institutions, as members by invitation, or as per- 
manent members. 

The Delegates shall receive the appointment from 
permanently organized medical societies, medical 
colleges, hospitals, lunatic asylums, and other per- 
manently organized medical institutions of good 
2 



14 PLAN OF ORGANIZATION. 

standing in the United States, and from the Ame- 
rican Medical Society in Paris. Each delegate 
shall hold his appointment for one year, and until 
another is appointed to succeed him, and shall par- 
ticipate in all the business and affairs of the Asso- 
ciation. 

Each local society shall have the privilege of 
sending to the Association one delegate for every 
ten of its regular resident members, and one for 
every additional fraction of more than half of this 
number. The faculty of every regularly consti- 
tuted medical college or chartered school of medi- 
cine, shall have the privilege of sending two dele- 
gates. The professional staff of every chartered 
or municipal hospital containing a hundred in- 
mates or more, shall have the privilege of sending 
two delegates; and every other permanently or- 
ganized medical institution of good standing shall 
have the privilege of sending one delegate. 

Delegates representing the medical staffs of the 
United States Army and Navy shall be appointed 
by the Chiefs of the Army and Navy Medical 
Bureaux. The number of delegates so appointed 
shall be four from the army medical officers, and 
an equal number from the navy medical officers. 

The Members by Invitation shall consist of prac- 
titioners of reputable standing, from sections of tne 
United States not otherwise represented at the 



PLAN OF ORGANIZATION. 15 

meeting. They shall receive their appointment by 
invitation of the meeting after an introduction from 
any of the members present, or from any of the 
absent permanent members. They shall hold their 
connection with the Association until the close of 
the annual session at which they are received ; and 
shall be entitled to participate in all its affairs, as 
in the case of delegates. 

The Permanent Members shall consist of all those 
who have served in the capacity of delegates, and 
of such other members as may receive the appoint- 
ment by unanimous vote. 

Permanent members shall at all times be en- 
titled to attend the meetings, and participate in the 
affairs of the Association, so long as they shall 
continue to conform to its regulations, but without 
the right of voting ; and when not in attendance, 
they shall be authorized to grant letters of intro- 
duction to reputable practitioners of medicine re- 
siding in their vicinity, who may wish to partici- 
pate in the business of the meetings as provided 
for members by invitation. 

Every member elect, prior to the permanent or- 
ganization of the annual meeting, or before voting 
on any question after the meeting has been organ- 
ized, must sign these regulations, inscribing his 
name and address in full, specifying in what ca- 
pacity he attends, and, if a delegate, the title of the 



16 PLAN OF ORGANIZATION. 

institution from which he has received his appoint- 
ment. 

III. MEETINGS. 

The regular meetings of the Association shall 
be held annually, and commence on the first Tues- 
day of May. The place of meeting shall never be 
the same for any two years in succession, and shall 
be determined for each next succeeding year by 
vote of the Association. 

IV. OFFICERS. 

The officers of the Association shall be a Presi- 
dent, four Vice-Presidents, two Secretaries, and a 
Treasurer. They shall be nominated by a special 
committee of one member from each State repre- 
sented at the meeting, and shall be elected by vote 
on a general ticket. Each officer shall hold his 
appointment for one year, and until another is 
elected to succeed him. 

The President shall preside at the meetings, pre- 
serve order and decorum in debate, give a casting- 
vote when necessary, and perform all the other 
duties that custom and parliamentary usage may 
require. 

The Vice-Presidents, when called upon, shall 
assist the President in the performance of his du- 
ties, and, during the absence, or at the request of 



PLAN OF ORGANIZATION. 17 

the President, one of them shall officiate in his 
place. 

The Secretaries shall record the minutes, and au- 
thenticate the proceedings, give due notice of the 
time and place of each next ensuing annual meet- 
ing, and serve as members of the Committee on 
Publication. The Secretary first in nomination 
shall also preserve the archives and unpublished 
transactions of the Association. 

The Treasurer shall have the immediate charge 
and management of the funds and property of the 
Association. He shall be a member of the Com- 
mittee on Publication, to which committee he shall 
give bonds for the safe keeping, and proper use 
and disposal of his trust. And through the same 
committee he shall present his accounts, duly au- 
thenticated, at every regular meeting, 

V. STANDING COMMITTEES. 

The following standing committees, each com~ 
posed of seven members, shall be organized at 
every annual meeting, for preparing, arranging, 
and expediting business for each next ensuing 
year, and for carrying into effect the orders of the 
Association not otherwise assigned — namely, a 
Committee on Arrangements, and a Committee on 
Publication, 

The Committee on Arrangements shall, if no suffi- 
2* 



18 PLAN OF ORGANIZATION. 

cient reasons prevent, be mainly composed of 
members residing in the place at which the Asso- 
ciation is to hold its next annual meeting; and 
shall be required to provide suitable accommoda- 
tions for the meeting, to verify and report upon the 
credentials of membership, to receive and an- 
nounce all essays and memoirs voluntarily com- 
municated, either by members of the Association, 
or by others through them, and to determine the 
order in which such papers are to be read and 
considered. 

The Committee on Publication, of which the Se- 
cretaries and Treasurer must constitute a part, 
shall have charge of preparing for the press, and 
of publishing and distributing such of the pro- 
ceedings, transactions and memoirs of the Associa- 
tion, as may be ordered to be published. The six 
members of this committee, who have not the 
immediate management of the funds, shall also in 
their own names as agents for the Association, 
hold the bond of the Treasurer for the faithful 
execution of his office, and shall annually audit 
and authenticate his accounts, and present a state- 
ment of the same in the annual report of the 
Committee; which report shall specify the cha- 
racter and cost of the publications of the Associa- 
tion during the year, the number of copies still at 
the disposal of the meeting, the funds on hand for 



PLAN OF ORGANIZATION. 19 

further operations, and the probable amount of 
the assessment to be laid on each member of the 
Association for covering its annual expenditures. 

VI. FUNDS AND APPROPRIATIONS. 

Funds shall be raised by the Association for 
meeting its current expenses and awards from 
year to year ; but never with the view of creating 
a permanent income from investments. Funds 
may be obtained by an equal assessment of not 
more than three dollars annually, on each of the 
members; by individual voluntary contributions 
for specific objects ; and by the" sale and disposal 
of publications, or of works prepared for publica- 
tion. 

The funds may be appropriated for defraying 
the expenses of the annual meetings ; for publish- 
ing the proceedings, memoirs, and transactions of 
the Association ; for enabling the standing com- 
mittees to fulfil their respective duties, conduct 
their correspondence, and procure the materials 
necessary for the completion of their stated annual 
reports ; for the encouragement of scientific inves- 
tigations, by prizes and awards of merit ; and 
for defraying the expenses incidental to specific 
investigations under the instruction of the Asso- 
ciation, where such investigations have been ac- 
companied with an order on the Treasurer to 



20 PLAN OF ORGANIZATION. 

supply the funds necessary for carrying them into 
effect. 

VII. PROVISION FOR AMENDMENTS. 

No amendment or alteration shall be made in 
any of these articles, except at the annual meeting 
next subsequent to that at which such amendment 
or alteration may have been proposed ; and then 
only by the voice of three-fourths of all the 
members in attendance. 

And, in acknowledgment of having adopted 
the foregoing propositions, and of our willingness 
to abide by them, and use our endeavors to carry 
into effect the objects of this Association, as above 
set forth — we have hereunto affixed our names. 



NAMES OF MEMBERS. RESIDENCE. INSTITUTIONS REPRESENTED. 



BY-LAWS. 21 

Iii connection with the foregoing "Plan of 
Organization," the following was adopted as one 
of the ordinances, or by-laws of the Association, 
viz : — 

THE ORDER OF BUSINESS. 

The order of business at the annual meetings 
of the American Medical Association shall at all 
times be subject to the vote of three-fourths of all 
the members in attendance ; and until perma- 
nently altered, except when for a time suspended, 
it shall be as follows, viz : — 

1. The temporary organization of the meeting 
preparatory to the election of officers. 

2. The report of the Committee of Arrange- 
ments on the credentials of members ; after the 
latter have registered their names and addresses, 
and the titles of the institutions which they re- 
present. 

3. The calling of the roll. 

4. The election of officers. 

5. The reading of minutes. 

6. The reception of members not present at the 
opening of the meeting, and the reading of notes 
from absentees. 

7. The reception of members by invitation. 

8. The reading and consideration of the stated 
annual reports from the standing committees. 



22 BY-LAWS. 

9. The selection of the next place of annual 
meeting. 

10. The new appointments to fill the standing 
committees. 

11. The choice of permanent members by vote. 

12. Kesolutions introducing new business, and 
instructions to the permanent committees. 

13. The reading and discussion of voluntary 
communications introduced through the Commit- 
tee on Arrangements. 

14. Unfinished and miscellaneous business. 

15. Adjournment. 



ORDINANCES. 



The following Resolutions, adopted at different 
meetings of the Association, though not incorpo- 
rated into the Plan of Organization, constitute a 
portion of the Regulations for the government of 
the Association. 

RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED AT THE FOURTH ANNUAL 
MEETING, HELD IN CHARLESTON, IN 1851. 

(See Transactions, vol. iv.) 

Resolved, That committees of three be appointed 
to investigate and report, severally, on the follow- 
ing subjects : — 

1st. Causes of tubercular diathesis. 

2d. Blending and conversion of the types of 
fever. 

3d. The mutual relations of yellow fever and 
bilious remittent fever. 

4th. Epidemic erysipelas. 

5th. Acute and chronic diseases of the neck of 
the uterus. 

6th. Dengue, 



24 ORDINANCES. 

7th. The milk sickness so-called. 

8th. Endemic prevalence of tetanus. 

9th. Diseases of parasitic origin. 

10th. Physiological peculiarities and diseases of 
the Negro. 

11th. The action of water on lead-pipes, and 
the diseases which proceed from it. 

12th. The alkaloids which may be substituted 
for quinia. 

13th. Permanent cure of reducible hernia. 

14th. Eesults of surgical operations for the re- 
lief of malignant diseases. 

15th. Statistics of operations for removal of 
stone in the bladder. 

16th. Cold water dressings. 

17th. The sanitary principles applicable to the 
construction of dwellings. 

18th. The toxicological and medicinal proper- 
ties of our cryptogamic plants. 

19th. Agency of the refrigeration produced 
through upward radiation of heat as an exciting 
cause of disease. 

20th. Epidemic diseases of New England and 
New York. 

21st. Epidemic diseases of Pennsylvania, New 
Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland. 

22d. Epidemic diseases of Virginia and North 
Carolina. 



ORDINANCES. 25 

23d. Epidemic diseases of South Carolina, Geor- 
gia, Florida, and Alabama. 

24th. Epidemic diseases of Mississippi, Lou- 
isiana, Texas, and Arkansas. 

25th. Epidemic diseases of Tennessee and Ken- 
tucky. 

26th. Epidemic diseases of Missouri, Illinois, 
Iowa, and Wisconsin. 

27th. Epidemic diseases of Indiana, Ohio, and 
Michigan. 

Resolved, That a Committee of Nomination be 
appointed, whose duty it shall be to nominate one 
chairman for each of the above committees. 

Resolved, That each of the chairmen thus nomi- 
nated, shall select, at his earliest convenience, two 
members of the Association, to complete the com- 
mittee. 

Resolved, That a committee of five members be 
appointed, to be called the Committee for Yolun- 
teer Communications,* whose duty it shall be, in 
the interval between the present and the next suc- 
ceeding sessions, to receive papers upon any sub- 
ject, from any persons who may choose to send 
them, to decide upon the merits of these papers, 
and to select for presentation to the Association, 

* The title of this committee was changed by a resolution 
adopted at the Sixth Annual Meeting to that of "Committee on 
Prize Essays" See vol. vi. p. 47. 

3 



26 ORDINANCES. 

at its next session, such as they may deem worthy 
of being thus presented. 

Resolved, That the Committee for Volunteer 
Communications shall have the power to form 
such regulations as to the mode in which the 
papers are to be presented, and as to the observ- 
iog of secrecy, as they may think proper. 

Resolved, That the selection of the members of 
this committee be referred to the same Nominating 
Committee, whose duty it will be to appoint the 
chairmen of the several special committees, as 
above directed, with this restriction, that the indi- 
viduals composing it shall reside in the same 
neighborhood. 

Resolved, That a prize of fifty dollars'* be award- 
ed to each of the volunteer communications 
reported on favorably by the committee, and 
directed by the Association to be published, pro- 
vided that the number to which the prize is thus 
awarded, do not exceed five ;* and provided, also, 
if the number approved and directed to be pub- 
lished exceed five, that, in such case, the prize be 
awarded to the five which the committee may de- 
termine to be most meritorious (pp. 36 — 38). 

* By a Resolution adopted at the Fifth Annual Meeting the 
number of prizes was reduced to two, and the amount of the 
prizes increased to one hundred dollars. See vol. v. p. 45. 
(Seep. 27.) 



ORDINANCES. 27 

Resolved, That the Committee, on Publication be 
instructed to print conspicuously, at the beginning 
of the forthcoming volume of the Transactions, the 
following disclaimer, viz : The American Medical 
Association, although formally accepting, and 
publishing the reports of the various standing 
committees, holds itself wholly irresponsible for 
the opinions, theories, or criticisms therein con- 
tained, except when so decided by special resolu- 
tion (p. 39). 

RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED AT THE FIFTH ANNUAL 
MEETING, HELD IN RICHMOND, IN 1852. 

(See Transactions, vol. v.) 

Resolved, That the special committees on Medi- 
cal Education, and Medical Literature, be appoint- 
ed, consisting each of five members, and that the 
Nominating Committee be instructed to nominate 
such committees to this Association (p. 32). 

Resolved, That, instead of awarding five prizes 
of $50 each, annually, the Association hereafter 
grant two prizes of S100 each, for the two best 
essays (p. 45). 



28 ORDINANCES. 

RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED AT THE SIXTH ANNUAL 
MEETING, HELD IN NEW YORK, IN 1853. 

(See Transactions, vol. vi.) 

.Resolved, That the Committee on Publication 
have power to furnish the chairmen of committees 
on epidemics with extra copies of their Keports, 
respectively, at the expense of the Association — 
the said extra copies not to exceed one hundred 
(P. 28). 

Resolved, That the name of the Committee on 
Volunteer Communications be changed to that of 
Committee on Prize Essays (p. 47). 

RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED AT THE SEVENTH MEETING, 
HELD IN ST. LOUIS. 

(See Transactions, vol. vii.) 

Resolved, That the sum of three dollars, annu- 
ally, be assessed upon each of the delegates to the 
sessions of the Association, as well as upon each 
of its permanent members, for the purpose of 
raising a fund to defray the expenses of printing 
the Transactions. The payment of this assessment 
shall be required of the delegates and members in 
attendance upon the sessions of the Association, 
previously to their taking their seats and par- 
ticipating in the business of the session; and of 



ORDINANCES. 29 

all others on or before the first of September in 
each year. 

Resolved, That each delegate and member who 
has paid his annual assessment, in accordance 
with the terms of the above resolution, shall be 
entitled to receive a copy of the printed Transac- 
tions of the session. 

Resolved, That the name of no one shall be in- 
serted or continued on the list of permanent mem- 
bers of the Association who shall refuse or neglect 
to pay his annual assessment, in accordance with 
the terms of the first resolution, but it shall be 
the duty of the Treasurer, before erasing the name 
of any member, to issue a circular informing him 
of his indebtedness. 

Resolved, That it shall be the duty of the Com- 
mittee of Publication to fix the price at which the 
printed Transactions of each session will be fur- 
nished to others than delegates and members; 
provided, that in no case shall the said price be 
less than three dollars. 

Resolved, That the delegates to the Association 
be requested to appoint committees, at one or 
more central points within their respective States, 
for the purpose of aiding the Committee of Pub- 
lication in procuring subscribers, and in distribut- 
ing the printed volumes of Transactions to said 

3* 



80 ORDINANCES. 

subscribers, as well as to the members of the 
Association residing within the neighborhood of 
the said committees, respectively (p. 22). 

Resolved, That a standing committee be ap- 
pointed by this Association to procure memorials 
of the eminent and worthy dead among the dis- 
tinguished physicians of our country, and present 
them to this Association for publication in their 
Transactions (p. 30). 

Resolved, That a standing committee of 



members be appointed by this Association, on the 
subject of Insanity, as it prevails in this country, 
including its causation — as hereditary transmis- 
sion ; educational influences — physical and moral, 
social and political institutions, &c. ; its forms and 
complications; curability; means of prevention, 
&c. (p. 32). 

Resolved, That it shall be the duty of the Pub- 
lication Committee to append to each volume of 
the Transactions, hereafter published, a copy of the 
Constitution of the Association (p. 34). 

Resolved, That, hereafter, every paper received 
by this Association and ordered to be published, 
and all plates or other means of illustration, shall 



ORDINANCES. 31 

be considered the exclusive property of the Asso- 
ciation, and shall be published and sold for the 
exclusive benefit of the Association (p. 40). 

Resolved, That, hereafter, the majority of the 
Committee on Publication shall be selected from 
the physicians of that city in which this Associa- 
tion may hold its annual session (p. 41). 

Resolved, That it is the duty of every member 
of this Association, who learns that any existing 
medical school departs from the published con- 
ditions of graduation, to report the fact at the 
annual meetings; and that on proof of the fact, 
such school shall be deprived of its representation 
in this body (p. 43). 



PROPOSED 
AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION, 

OFFERED 

AT THE MEETING IN 1854. 



By Dr. S. D. Gross, of Ky. To amend that 
part of the Constitution which relates to the 
election of officers, so that the election shall take 
place immediately before the adjournment of each 
meeting, instead of immediately after its com- 
mencement. 

By Dr. F. A. Eamsay, of Tenn. That the 
Constitution be so amended as to dispense with 
the Nominating Committee, and the duties of such 
committee. 



STANDING COMMITTEES 

OF THE 

ASSO CIATION 
FOR 1855. 



COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENTS. 

Isaac Hays, M. D. } Pennsylvania, Chairman. 

G. Emerson, M. D., " 

Wilson Jewell, M.D., 

Alfred Stille, M. D., 

John B. Biddle, M. D., 

Francis West, M. D., 

Wm. V. Keating, M.D., 

committee on prize essays. 

E. La Eoche, M. D., Pennsylvania, Chairman. 

Isaac Hays, M. D., 

Alfred Stille, M. D., 

J. B. Biddle, M.D., 

George W. Norris, M. D., 

Joseph Carson, M. D., 

Joseph Leidy, M. D., 



34 



COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION. 

Pliny Earle, M. D., New York, Chairman. 

D. F. Condie, M. D., Pennsylvania. 

E. S. Lemoine, M. D., Missouri. 
Francis West, M. D., Pennsylvania. 
Alden March, M. D., New York. 
E. H.Davis, M.D., " 

C. K. Gilman, M.D., " 



SPECIAL COMMITTEES. 



On the Epidemics of New England and New 
York. Dr. Worthington Hooker, of New Ha- 
ven, Conn. 

On the Epidemics of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 
Delaware, and Maryland. Dr. John L. Atlee, of 
Lancaster, Pa. 

On the Epidemics of Virginia and North Caro- 
lina. Dr. W. D. Haskins, of Eichmond, Ya. 

On the Epidemics of South Carolina, Florida, 
Georgia, and Alabama. Dr. D. J. Cain, of Charles- 
ton, S. C. 

On the Epidemics of Tennessee and Kentucky. 
Dr. W. L. Sutton, of Georgetown, Ky. 

On the Epidemics of Missouri, Illinois, Iowa, 
and Wisconsin. Dr. Thomas Keyburn, of St. 
Louis, Mo. 

On the Epidemics of Ohio, Indiana, and Michi- 
gan. Dr. George Mendenhall, of Cincinnati, 
Ohio. 

On the Epidemics of Louisiana, Mississippi, 



36 SPECIAL COMMITTEES. 

Arkansas, and Texas. Dr. E. D. Fenner, of New 
Orleans, La. 

On the Mutual Eelations of Yellow and Bilious 
Eemittent Fever. Dr. James Jones, of New Or- 
leans, La. 

On the Causes of Tuberculous Disease. Dr. D. 
F. Condie, of Philadelphia, Pa. 

On Diseases of Parasitic Origin. Dr. Joseph 
Leidy, of Philadelphia, Pa. 

On the Physiological Peculiarities and Diseases 
of Negroes. Dr. A. P. Merrill, of Memphis, 
Tenn. 

On Statistics of the Operation for the Eemoval 
of Stone in the Bladder. Dr. Joseph N. McDow- 
ell, of St. Louis, Mo. 

On the Toxicological and Medicinal Properties 
of our Cryptogamic Plants. Dr. F. Peyre Por- 
cher, of Charleston, S. C. 

On the Constitutional and Local Treatment of 
Carcinoma. Dr. Daniel Brainard, of Chicago, 
111. 

On the Influence of Geological Formation on 
the Character of Disease. Dr. George Bngle- 
man, of St. Louis, Mo. 

On Dysentery. Dr. Henry Taylor, of Mount 
Clemens, Mich. 

On the Use and Effect of Applications of Ni- 
trate of Silver to the Throat, either in Local or 



SPECIAL COMMITTEES. 37 

General Disease. Dr. Horace Green, of New 
York. 

On tlio Administration of Anaesthetic Agents 
during Parturition. Dr. P. Claiborne Gooch, 
of Richmond, Va. 

On the Diet of the Sick. Dr. Charles Hooker, 
of New Haven, Conn. 

On Certain Forms of Eruptive Fevers prevalent 
in Middle Tennessee. Dr. E. R. Dabney, of 
Clarkesville, Tenn. 

On the Hygrometrical State of the Atmosphere, 
in various Localities, and its Influence on Health. 
Dr. Sandford B. Hunt, of Buffalo, K Y. 

On the frequency of Deformities in Fractures. 
By Frank H. Hamilton, of Buffalo, K Y. 

On Puerperal Convulsions. Dr. M. M. Pallen, 
of St. Louis, Mo. 

On Diseases of the Prostate Gland. Dr. G. S. 
Walker, of St. Louis, Mo. 

On the Excretions, as an Index to the Organic 
Changes going on in the System. Dr. H. A. 
Johnson, of Chicago, 111. 

On Typhoid Fever and its Complications, as it 
prevails in Alabama. Dr. Leroy H. Anderson, 
of Sumpterville, Ala. 

On the Pathology and Treatment of Scrofula. 
Dr. AY. II. Byford, of Evansville, Ind. 

On the Nutritive Qualities of Milk, and the In- 
4 



38 SPECIAL COMMITTEES. 

fluence produced thereon by Pregnancy and Men- 
struation, in the Human Female, and by Preg- 
nancy in the Cow; and also on the Question 
whether there is not some mode by which the nu- 
tritive constituents of milk can be preserved in 
their purity and sweetness, and furnished to the 
inhabitants of cities in such quantities as to super- 
sede the present defective and often unwholesome 
modes of supply. Dr. N. S. Davis, of Chicago, 111. 

On Microscopical Investigations of Malignant 
Tumors. Dr. E. B. Haskins, of Clarkesville, Tenn. 

On the Sulphate of Quinia as a Remedial Agent 
in the Treatment of Fevers. Dr. George R. 
Grant, of Memphis, Tenn. 

On the Study of Pathology at the Bedside. Dr. 
R. R. McIlvaixe, of Cincinnati, Ohio. 

On Orthopaedic Surgery. Dr. E. S. Cooper, of 
Peoria, 111. 

On the Modus Operandi of the Envenomed Se- 
cretions of Healthy Animals. Dr. Andrew F. 
Jeter, of Palmyra, Mo. 

On Insanity. Dr. Samuel M. Smith, of Colum- 
bus, Ohio. 

On the Jaundice of Yellow Fever, in its Diag- 
nostical and Prognostical Relations. Dr. R. La 
Roche, of Philadelphia, Pa. 

On Malignant Periodic Fevers. Dr. Charles 
Quarles Chandler, of Rocheport, Mo. 



SPECIAL COMMITTEES. 39 

On Typhoid Fever in Maine. Dr. S. B. Chase, 
of Portland, Me. 

Committee on Plans of Organization for State 
and County Societies. A. B. Palmer, M. D., 
Michigan ; E. E. McIlvaine, M. D., Ohio ; D. L. 
McGugin, M.D., Iowa; B. E. Peaslee, M.D., 
New Hampshire ; Thomas Lipscombe, M. D., Ten- 
nessee. 

Committee on Medical Literature. E. J. Breck- 
enridge, M.D., Kentucky; O. M. Langdon, M.D., 
Ohio ; A. A. Gould, M. D., Massachusetts ; D. L. 
McGugin, M. D., Iowa ; J. B. Flint, M. D., Ken- 
tucky. 

Committee on Medical Education. Wi. H. 
Anderson", M. D., Alabama ; A. Lopez, M. D., 
Alabama ; Andrew Murray, M. D., Michigan ; F. 
A. Eamsay, M. D., Tennessee ; E. D. Eoss, M. D., 

Cherokee Nation. 



Committee to inquire what State or other So- 
ciety, represented in this Association, is in Fellow- 
ship with irregular practitioners. (Transactions, 
vol. vii. p. 30.) 

Dr. S. H. French, of New York, Chairman. 



40 SPECIAL COMMITTEES. 

Committee on Hydrophobia and the connection 
of season of the year with its prevalence. (Trans- 
actions, vol. vii. p. 31.) 

Dr. T. W. Blatchford, of New York. 

Committee to inquire into the Causes which 
obstruct the formation and establishment of our 
National Medical Literature. {Transactions, vol. 
vii. p. 34.) 

Dr. S. D. Gross, of Kentucky, Chairman. 

Committee to report the best means of prevent- 
ing the introduction of Disease by Emigrants, into 
our country. {Transactions, vol. vii. p. 34.) 

Dr. S. H. Dickson, of South Carolina ; 

Dr. J. H. G-riscom, of New York ; 

Dr. E. D. Fenker, of Louisiana. 

Committee to examine into, and report upon, 
the effects of Alcoholic Liquors upon the System, 
in health and disease. (Transactions, vol. vii. p. 43.) 
Dr. E. D. Mussey, of Ohio, Chairman. 



CODE OF ETHICS, 

ADOPTED MAY, 1847, 



CHAPTER I. 

OF THE DUTIES OF PHYSICIANS TO THEIR PATIENTS, AND 
OF THE OBLIGATIONS OF PATIENTS TO THEIR PHYSI- 
CIANS. 

Art. I. — Duties of physicians to their patients. 

§ 1. A physician should not only be ever ready to 
obey the calls of the sick, but his mind ought also to 
be imbued with the greatness of his mission, and the 
responsibility he habitually incurs in its discharge. 
Those obligations are the more deep and enduring, 
because there is no tribunal other than his own con- 
science to adjudge penalties for carelessness or neglect. 
Physicians should, therefore, minister to the sick with 
due impressions of the importance of their office ; re- 
flecting that the ease, the health, and the lives of those 
committed to their charge, depend on their skill, atten- 
tion and fidelity. They should study, also, in their 
deportment, so to unite tenderness with firmness, and 
condescension with authority, as to inspire the minds of 
their patients with gratitude, respect and confidence. 

§ 2. Every case committed to the charge of a phy- 
sician should be treated with attention, steadiness, and" 
humanity. Reasonable indulgence should be granted 



42 CODE OF ETHICS. 

to the mental imbecility and caprices of the sick. 
Secrecy and delicacy, when required by peculiar cir- 
cumstances, should be strictly observed ; and the fa- 
miliar and confidential intercourse to which physicians 
are admitted in their professional visits, should be used 
with discretion, and with the most scrupulous regard 
to fidelity and honour. The obligation of secrecy ex- 
tends beyond the period of professional services; 
none of the privacies of personal and domestic life, no 
infirmity of disposition or flaw of character observed 
during professional attendance, should ever be divulged 
by him except when he is imperatively required to do 
so. The force and necessity of this obligation are in- 
deed so great, that professional men have, under cer- 
tain circumstances, been protected in their observance 
of secrecy by courts of justice. 

§ 3. Frequent visits to the sick are in general requi- 
site, since they enable the physician to arrive at a more 
perfect knowledge of the disease — to meet promptly 
every change which may occur, and also tend to pre- 
serve the confidence of the patient. But unnecessary 
visits are to be avoided, as they give useless anxiety 
to the patient, tend to diminish the authority of the 
physician, and render him liable to be suspected of 
interested motives. 

§ 4. A physician should not be forward to make 
gloomy prognostications, because they savor of em- 
piricism, by magnifying the importance of his services 
in the treatment or cure of the disease. But he should 
not fail, on proper occasions, to give to the friends of 
the patient timely notice of clanger when it really 
occurs ; and even to the patient himself, if absolutely 



CODE OF ETHICS. 43 

necessary. This office, however, is so peculiarly alarm- 
ing when executed by him, that it ought to be declined 
whenever it can be assigned to any other person of 
sufficient judgment and delicacy. For, the physician 
should be the minister of hope and comfort to the sick ; 
that, by such cordials to the drooping spirit, he may 
smooth the bed of death, revive expiring life, and 
counteract the depressing influence of those maladies 
which often disturb the tranquillity of the most re- 
signed in their last moments. The life of a sick per- 
son can be shortened not only by the acts, but also by 
the words or the manner of a physician. It is, there- 
fore, a sacred duty to guard himself carefully in this 
respect, and to avoid all things which have a tendency 
to discourage the patient and to depress his spirits. 

§ 5. A physician ought not to abandon a patient 
because the case is deemed incurable ; for his attend- 
ance may continue to be highly useful to the patient, 
and comforting to the relatives around him, even in 
the last period of a fatal malady, by alleviating pain 
and other symptoms, and by soothing mental anguish. 
To decline attendance, under such circumstances, 
would be sacrificing to fanciful delicacy and mis- 
taken liberality, that moral duty, which is independent 
of, and far superior to, all pecuniary considerations. 

§ 6. Consultations should be promoted in difficult 
or protracted cases, as they give rise to confidence, 
energy, and more enlarged views in practice. 

§ f . The opportunity which a physician not unfre- 
quently enjoys of promoting and strengthening the 
good resolutions of his patients, suffering under the 



44: CODE OF ETHICS. 

consequences of vicious conduct, ought never to be 
neglected. His counsels, or even remonstrances, will 
give satisfaction, not offence, if they be proffered with 
politeness, and evince a genuine love of virtue, accom- 
panied by a sincere interest in the welfare of the per- 
son to whom they are addressed. 

Art. II Obligations of patients to their physicians. 

§ 1. The members of the medical profession, upon 
whom is enjoined the performance of so many import- 
ant and arduous duties towards the community, and 
who are required to make so many sacrifices of com- 
fort, ease, and health, for the welfare of those who avail 
themselves of their services,- certainly have a right to 
expect and require, that their patients should entertain 
a just sense of the duties which they owe to their 
medical attendants. 

§ 2. The first duty of a patient is, to select as his 
medical adviser one who has received a regular pro- 
fessional education. In no trade or occupation, do 
mankind rely on the skill of an untaught artist ; and 
in medicine, confessedly the most difficult and intricate 
of the sciences, the world ought not to suppose that 
knowledge is intuitive. 

§ 3. Patients should prefer a physician whose habits 
of life are regular, and who is not devoted to company, 
pleasure, or to any pursuit incompatible with his pro- 
fessional obligations. A patient should, also, confide 
the care of himself and family, as much as possible, to 
one physician, for a medical man who has become ac- 
quainted with the peculiarities of constitution, habits, 



CODE OF ETHICS. 45 

and predispositions, of those he attends, is more likely 
to be successful in his treatment, than one who does 
not possess that knowledge. 

A patient who has thus selected his physician, 
should always apply for advice in what may appear to 
him trivial cases, for the most fatal results often super- 
vene on the slightest accidents. It is of still more im- 
portance that he should apply for assistance in the 
forming stage of violent diseases ; it is to a neglect of 
this precept that medicine owes much of the uncer- 
tainty and imperfection with which it has been re- 
proached. 

§ 4. Patients should faithfully and unreservedly 
communicate to their physician the supposed cause of 
their disease. This is the more important, as many 
diseases of a mental origin simulate those depending 
on external causes, and yet are only to be cured by 
ministering to the mind diseased. A patient should 
never be afraid of thus making his physician his friend 
and adviser ; he should always bear in mind that a 
medical man is under the strongest obligations of se- 
crecy. Even the female sex should never allow feelings 
of shame or delicacy to prevent their disclosing the 
seat, symptoms, and causes of complaints peculiar to 
them. However commendable a modest reserve may 
be in the common occurrences of life, its strict observ- 
ance in medicine is often attended with the most serious 
consequences, and a patient may sink under a painful 
and loathsome disease, which might have been readily 
prevented had timely intimation been given to the phy- 
sician. 

§ 5. A patient should never weary his physician 



46 CODE OF ETHICS. 

with a tedious detail of events or matters not apper- 
taining to his disease. Even as relates to his actual 
symptoms, he will convey much more real information 
by giving clear answers to interrogatories, than by the 
most minute account of his own framing. Neither 
should he obtrude upon his physician the details of his 
business nor the history of his family concerns. 

§ 6. The obedience of a patient to the prescriptions 
of his physician should be prompt and implicit. He 
should never permit his own crude opinions as to their 
fitness, to influence his attention to them. A failure 
in one particular may render an otherwise judicious 
treatment dangerous, and even fatal. This remark is 
equally applicable to diet, drink, and exercise. As 
patients become convalescent, they are very apt to sup- 
pose that the rules prescribed for them may be disre- 
garded, and the consequence, but too often, is a re- 
lapse. Patients should never allow themselves to be 
persuaded to take any medicine whatever, that may be 
recommended to them by the self-constituted doctors 
and doctresses, who are so frequently met with, and 
who pretend to possess infallible remedies for the cure 
of every disease. However simple some of their pre- 
scriptions may appear to be, it often happens that they 
are productive of much mischief, and in all cases they 
are injurious, by contravening the plan of treatment 
adopted by the physician. 

§ T. A patient should, if possible, avoid even the 
friendly visits of a physician who is not attending him ; 
and, when he does receive them, he should never con- 
verse on the subject of his disease, as an observation 
may be made, without any intention of interference, 



CODE OF ETHICS. 47 

which may destroy his confidence in the course he is 
pursuing, and induce him to neglect the directions pre- 
scribed to him. A patient should never send for a 
consulting physician without the express consent of his 
own medical attendant. It is of great importance that 
physicians should act in concert ; for, although their 
modes of treatment may be attended with equal success 
when employed singly, yet conjointly they are very 
likely to be productive of disastrous results. 

§ 8. When a patient wishes to dismiss his physician, 
justice and common courtesy require that he should 
declare his reasons for so doing. 

§ 9. Patients should always, when practicable, send 
for their physician in the morning, before his usual 
hour of going out ; for, by being early aware of the 
visits he has to pay during the day, the physician is 
able to apportion his time in such a manner as to pre- 
vent an interference of engagements. Patients should 
also avoid calling on their medical adviser unneces- 
sarily during the hours devoted to meals or sleep. 
They should always be in readiness to receive the visits 
of their physician, as the detention of a few minutes is 
often of serious inconvenience to him. 

§ 10. A patient should, after his recovery, entertain 
a just and enduring sense of the value of the services 
rendered him by his physician ; for these are of such a 
character that no mere pecuniary acknowledgment can 
repay or cancel them. 



48 CODE OF ETHICS. 



CHAPTER II. 

OF THE DUTIES OF PHYSICIANS TO EACH OTHER, AND TO 
THE PROFESSION AT LARGE. 

Art. I. — Duties for the support of professional cha- 
racter, 

§ 1. Every individual, on entering the profession, as 
he becomes thereby entitled to all its privileges and 
immunities, incurs an obligation to exert his best abili- 
ties to maintain its dignity and honour, to exalt its 
standing, and to extend the bounds of its usefulness. 
He should, therefore, observe strictly such laws as are 
instituted for the government of its members ; should 
avoid all contumelious and sarcastic remarks relative 
to the faculty as a body ; and while, by unwearied dili- 
gence, he resorts to every honourable means of enrich- 
ing the science, he should entertain a due respect for 
his seniors, who have, by their labours, brought it to 
the elevated condition in which he finds it. 

§ 2. There is no profession, from the members of 
which greater purity of character, and a higher stand- 
ard of moral excellence are required, than the medical ; 
and, to attain such eminence, is a duty every physician 
owes alike to his profession and to his patients. It is 
due to the latter, as without it he cannot command their 
respect and confidence, and to both, because no scien- 
tific attainments can compensate for the want of correct 



CODE OF ETHICS. 49 

moral principles. It is also incumbent upon the faculty 
to be temperate in all tilings, for the practice of physic 
requires the unremitting exercise of a clear and vigor- 
ous understanding ; and, on emergencies, for which no 
professional man should be unprepared, a steady hand, 
an acute eye, and an unclouded head may be essential 
to the well-being, and even to the life, of a fellow crea- 
ture. 

§ 3. It is derogatory to the dignity of the profession 
to resort to public advertisements, or private cards, or 
handbills, inviting the attention of individuals affected 
with particular diseases — publicly offering advice and 
medicine to the poor gratis, or promising radical cures ; 
or to publish cases and operations in the daily prints, 
or suffer such publications to be made ; to invite lay- 
men to be present at operations — to boast of cures and 
remedies — to adduce certificates of skill and success, or 
to perform any other similar acts. These are the ordi- 
nary practices of empirics, and are highly reprehensible 
in a regular physician. 

§ 4. Equally derogatory to professional character is 
it for a physician to hold a patent for any surgical in- 
strument or medicine ; or to dispense a secret nostrum, 
whether it be the composition or exclusive property of 
himself, or of others. For, if such nostrum be of real 
efficacy, any concealment regarding it is inconsistent 
with beneficence and professional liberality ; and, if 
mystery alone give it value and importance, such craft 
implies either disgraceful ignorance or fraudulent ava- 
rice. It is also reprehensible for physicians to give 
certificates attesting the efficacy of patent or secret 
medicines, or in any way to promote the use of thenu 
5 



50 CODE OF ETHICS. 

Art. II. — Professional services of physicians to each 
other. 

§ 1. All practitioners of medicine, their wives, and 
their children while under the paternal care, are enti- 
tled to the gratuitous services of any one or more of 
the faculty residing near them, whose assistance may 
be desired. A physician afflicted with disease is usually 
an incompetent judge of his own case ; and the natural 
anxiety and solicitude which he experiences at the 
sickness of a wife, a child, or any one who, by the ties 
of consanguinity, is rendered peculiarly dear to him, 
tend to obscure his judgment, and produce timidity and 
irresolution in his practice. Under such circumstances, 
medical men are peculiarly dependent upon each other, 
and kind offices and professional aid should always be 
cheerfully and gratuitously afforded. Visits ought not, 
however, to be obtruded officiously, as such unasked 
civility may give rise to embarrassment, or interfere 
with that choice on which confidence depends. But, 
if a distant member of the faculty, whose circumstances 
are affluent, request attendance, and an honorarium be 
offered, it should not be declined; for no pecuniary ob- 
ligation ought to be imposed which the party receiving 
it would wish not to incur. 

Art. III. — Of the duties of physicians as respects 
vicarious offices. 

§ 1. The affairs of life, the pursuit of health, and 
the various accidents and contingencies to which a 
medical man is peculiarly exposed, sometimes require 
him temporarily to -withdraw from his duties to his 
patients, and to request some of his professional bre- 
thren to officiate for him. Compliance with this request 



CODE OF ETHICS. 51 

is an act of courtesy, which should always be performed 
with the utmost consideration for the interest and cha- 
racter of the family physician, and, when exercised for 
a short period, all the pecuniary obligation for such 
service should be awarded to him. But if a member 
of the profession neglect his business in quest of plea- 
sure and amusement, he cannot be considered as enti- 
tled to the advantages of the frequent and long-con- 
tinued exercise of this fraternal courtesy, without 
awarding to the physician who officiates the fees aris- 
ing from the discharge of his professional duties. 

In obstetrical and important surgical cases, which 
give rise to unusual fatigue, anxiety, and responsibility, 
it is just that the fees accruing therefrom should be 
awarded to the physician who officiates. 

Art. IT. — Of the duties of physicians in regard to 
consultations. 

§ 1. A regular medical education furnishes the only 
presumptive evidence of professional abilities and ac- 
quirements, and ought to be the only acknowledged 
right of an individual to the exercise and honours of 
his profession. Xevertheless, as in consultations, the 
good of the patient is the sole object in view, and this 
is often dependent on personal confidence, no intelli- 
gent regular practitioner, who has a license to practice 
from some medical board of known and acknowledged 
respectability, recognized by this Association, and who 
is in good moral and professional standing in the place 
in which he resides, should be fastidiously excluded 
from fellowship, or his aid refused in consultation, 
when it is requested by the patient. But no one can 
be considered as a regular practitioner, or a fit asso- 
ciate in consultation, whose practice is based on an 



52 CODE OF ETHICS. 

exclusive dogma, to the rejection of the accumulated 
experience of the profession, and of the aids actually 
furnished by anatomy, physiology, pathology, and or- 
ganic chemistry. 

§ 2. In consultations, no rivalship or jealousy should 
be indulged; candor, probity, and all due respect 
should be exercised towards the physician having 
charge of the case. 

§ 3. In consultations, the attending physician should 
be the first to propose the necessary questions to the 
sick ; after which the consulting physician should 
have the opportunity to make such farther inquiries 
of the patient as may be necessary to satisfy him 
of the true character of the case. Both physicians 
should then retire to a private place for deliberation ; 
and the one first in attendance should communicate 
the directions agreed upon to the patient or his friends, 
as well as any opinions which it may be thought 
proper to express. But no statement or discussion of 
it should take place before the patient or his friends, 
except in the presence of all the faculty attending, and 
by their common consent ; and no opinions or prog- 
nostications should be delivered, which are not the 
result of previous deliberation and concurrence. 

§ 4. In consultations, the physician in attendance 
should deliver his opinion first; and when there are 
several consulting, they should deliver their opinions 
in the order in which they have been called in. Xo 
decision, however, should restrain the attending phy- 
sician from making such variations in the mode of 
treatment, as any subsequent unexpected change in 



CODE OF ETHICS. 53 

the character of the case may demand. But such 
variation, and the reasons for it, ought to be carefully 
detailed at the next meeting in consultation. The 
same privilege belongs also to the consulting physician 
if he is sent for in an emergency, when the regular at- 
tendant is out of the way, and similar explanations 
must be made by him at the next consultation. 

§ 5. The utmost punctuality should be observed in 
the visits of physicians when they are to hold consul- 
tation together, and this is generally practicable, for 
society has been considerate enough to allow the plea 
of a professional engagement to take precedence of all 
others, and to be an ample reason for the relinquish- 
ment of any present occupation. But, as professional 
engagements may sometimes interfere, and delay one 
of the parties, the physician who first arrives should 
wait for his associate a reasonable period, after which 
the consultation should be considered as postponed to 
a new appointment. If it be the attending physician 
who is present, he will of course see the patient and 
prescribe ; but if it be the consulting one, he should 
retire, except in case of emergency, or when he has 
been called from a considerable distance, in which 
latter case he may examine the patient, and give his 
opinion in writing and under seal, to be delivered to 
his associate. 

§ 6. In consultations, theoretical discussions should 
be avoided, as occasioning perplexity and loss of time. 
For there maybe much diversity of opinion concerning 
speculative points, with perfect agreement in those 
modes of practice which are founded, not on hypothe- 
sis, but on experience and observation. 

5* 



54 CODE OF ETHICS. 

§ 7. All discussions in consultation should be held 
as secret and confidential. Neither by words nor man- 
ner should any of the parties to a consultation assert or 
insinuate, that any part of the treatment pursued did 
not receive his assent. The responsibility must be 
equally divided between the medical attendants — they 
must equally share the credit of success as well as the 
blame of failure. 

§ 8. Should an irreconcilable diversity of opinion 
occur when several physicians are called upon to con- 
sult together, the opinion of the majority should be con- 
sidered as decisive ; but if the numbers be equal on 
each side, then the decision should rest with the attend- 
ing physician. It may, moreover, sometimes happen, 
that two physicians cannot agree in their views of the 
nature of a case, and the treatment to be pursued. This 
is a circumstance much to be deplored, and should 
always be avoided, if possible, by mutual concessions, 
as far as they can be justified by a conscientious regard 
for the dictates of judgment. But, in the event of its 
occurrence, a third physician should, if practicable, 
be called to act as umpire ; and, if circumstances pre- 
vent the adoption of this course, it must be left to the 
patient to select the physician in whom he is most 
willing to confide. But, as every physician relies upon 
the rectitude of his judgment, he should, when left in 
the minority, politely and consistently retire from any 
further deliberation in the consultation, or participation 
in the management of the case. 

§ 9. As circumstances sometimes occur to render a 
special consultation desirable, when the continued at- 
tendance of two physicians might be objectionable ta 



CODE OF ETHICS. 55 

the patient, the member of the faculty whose assist- 
ance is required in such cases, should sedulously guard 
against all future unsolicited attendance. As such 
consultations require an extraordinary portion both of 
time and attention, at least a double honorarium may 
be reasonably expected. 

§ 10. A physician who is called upon to consult, 
should observe the most honourable and scrupulous re- 
gard for the character and standing of the practitioner 
in attendance ; the practice of the latter, if necessary, 
should be justified as far as it can be, consistently with 
a conscientious regard for truth, and no hint or insinua- 
tion should be thrown out which could impair the con- 
fidence reposed in him, or affect his reputation. The 
consulting physician should also carefully refrain from 
any of those extraordinary attentions or assiduities, 
which are too often practised by the dishonest for the 
base purpose of gaining applause, or ingratiating them- 
selves into the favour of families and individuals. 

Art. Y. — Duties of physicians in cases of interfer- 
ence. 

§ 1. Medicine is a liberal profession, and those ad- 
mitted into its ranks should found their expectations of 
practice upon the extent of their qualifications, not on 
intrigue or artifice. 

§ 2. A physician, in his intercourse with a patient 
under the care of another practitioner, should observe 
the strictest caution and reserve. ISTo meddling in- 
quiries should be made — no disingenuous hints given 
relative to the nature and treatment of his disorder ; nor 
any course of conduct pursued that may directly or in- 



56 CODE OF ETHICS. 

directly tend to diminish the trust reposed in the phy- 
sician employed. 

§ 3. The same circumspection and reserve should be 
observed when, from motives of business or friend- 
ship, a physician is prompted to visit an individual 
who is under the direction of another practitioner. In- 
deed, such visits should be avoided, except under pe- 
culiar circumstances ; and when they are made, no 
particular inquiries should be instituted relative to the 
nature of the disease, or the remedies employed, but 
the topics of conversation should be as foreign to the 
case as circumstances will admit. 

§ 4. A physician ought not to take charge of, or 
prescribe for a patient who has recently been under 
the care of another member of the faculty in the same 
illness, except in cases of sudden emergency, or in 
consultation with the physician previously in attend- 
ance, or when the latter has relinquished the case, or 
been regularly notified that his services are no longer 
desired. Under such circumstances, no unjust and 
illiberal insinuations should be thrown out in relation 
to the conduct or practice previously pursued, which 
should be justified as far as candor, and regard for 
truth and probity will permit ; for it often happens, 
that patients become dissatisfied when they do not ex- 
perience immediate relief, and, as many diseases are 
naturally protracted, the want of success, in the first 
stage of treatment, affords no evidence of a lack of 
professional knowledge and skill. 

§ 5. When a physician is called to an urgent case, 
because the family attendant is not at hand, he ought, 



CODE OF ETHICS. 57 

unless his assistance in consultation be desired, to re- 
sign the care of the patient to the latter immediately 
on his arrival. 

§ 6. It often happens, in cases of sudden illness, or 
of recent accidents and injuries, owing to the alarm 
and anxiety of friends, that a number of physicians are 
simultaneously sent for. Under these circumstances, 
courtesy should assign the patient to the first who ar- 
rives, who should select from those present, any addi- 
tional assistance that he may deem necessary. In all 
such cases, however, the practitioner who officiates, 
should request the family physician, if there be one, to 
be called, and unless his further attendance be re- 
quested, should resign the case to the latter on his ar- 
rival. 

§ ?. When a physician is called to the patient of 
another practitioner, in consequence of the sickness or 
absence of the latter, he ought, on the return or reco- 
very of the regular attendant, and with the consent of 
the patient, to surrender the case. 

§ 8. A physician, when visiting a sick person in the 
country, may be desired to see a neighbouring patient 
who is under the regular direction of another physi- 
cian, in consequence of some sudden change or aggra- 
vation of symptoms. The conduct to be pursued on 
such an occasion is to give advice adapted to present 
circumstances ; to interfere no further than is absolutely 
necessary with the general plan of treatment ; to assume 
no future direction, unless it be expressly desired ; and, 
in this last case, to request an immediate consultation 
with the practitioner previously employed. 



58 CODE OF ETHICS. 

§ 9. A wealthy physician should not give advice 
gratis to the affluent ; because his doing so is an injury 
to his professional brethren. The office of a physician 
can never be supported as an exclusively beneficent 
one ; and it is defrauding, in some degree, the common 
funds for its support, when fees are dispensed with 
which might justly be claimed. 

§ 10. "When a physician, who has engaged to attend 
a case of midwifery, is absent, and another is sent for, 
if delivery is accomplished during the attendance of 
the latter, he is entitled to the fee, but should resign 
the patient to the practitioner first engaged. 

Art. VI. — Of differences betiveen physicians. 

§ 1. Diversity of opinion, and opposition of interest, 
may, in the medical, as in other professions, sometimes 
occasion controversy and even contention. Whenever 
such cases unfortunately occur, and cannot be imme- 
diately terminated, they should be referred to the arbi- 
tration of a sufficient number of physicians, or a court- 
medical. 

§ 2. As peculiar reserve must be maintained by 
physicians towards the public, in regard to professional 
matters, and as there exist numerous points in medical 
ethics and etiquette through which the feelings of 
medical men maybe painfully assailed in their inter- 
course with each other, and which cannot be under- 
stood or appreciated by general society, neither the 
subject matter of such differences nor the adjudication 
of the arbitrators should be made public, as publicity 
in a case of this nature may be personally injurious to 



CODE OF ETHICS. 59 

the individuals concerned, and can hardly fail to bring 
discredit on the faculty. 

Art. VII. — Of pecuniary acknowledgments. 

Some general rules should be adopted by the faculty, 
in every town or district, relative to pecuniary acknow- 
ledgments from their patients ; and it should be deemed 
a point of honour to adhere to these rules with as much 
uniformity as varying circumstances will admit. 



60 CODE OF ETHICS. 



CHAPTER III. 

OF THE DUTIES OF THE PROFESSION TO THE PUBLIC, AND 
OF THE OBLIGATIONS OF THE PUBLIC TO THE PROFES- 
SION. 

Art. I. — Duties of the profession to the public. 

§ 1. As good citizens, it is the duty of physicians to 
be ever vigilant for the welfare of the community, and 
to bear their part in sustaining its institutions and 
burdens : they should also be ever ready to give counsel 
to the public in relation to matters especially apper- 
taining to their profession, as on subjects of medical 
police, public hygiene, and legal medicine. It is their 
province to enlighten the public in regard to quaran- 
tine regulations — the location, arrangement, and die- 
taries of hospitals, asylums, schools, prisons, and similar 
institutions — in relation to the medical police of towns, 
as drainage, ventilation, &c. — and in regard to measures 
for the prevention of epidemic and contagious diseases; 
and when pestilence prevails, it is their duty to face 
the danger, and to continue their labours for the allevia- 
tion of the suffering, even at the jeopardy of their own 
lives. 

§ 2. Medical men should also be always ready, when 
called on by the legally constituted authorities, to en- 
lighten coroners 7 inquests, and courts of justice, on 
subjects strictly medical — such as involve questions 



CODE OF ETHICS. 61 

relating to sanity, legitimacy, murder by poisons or 
other violent means, and in regard to the various other 
subjects embraced in the science of Medical Jurispru- 
dence. But in these cases, and especially where they 
are required to make a post-mortem examination, it is 
just, in consequence of the time, labour, and skill re- 
quired, and the responsibility and risk they incur, that 
the public should award them a proper honorarium. 

§ 3. There is no profession, by the members of which 
eleemosynary services are more liberally dispensed than 
the medical, but justice requires that some limits should 
be placed to the performance of such good offices. 
Poverty, professional brotherhood, and certain of the 
public duties referred to in the first section of this 
chapter, should always be recognized as presenting 
valid claims for gratuitous services ; but neither insti- 
tutions endowed by the public or by rich individuals, 
societies for mutual benefit, for the insurance of lives, 
or for analogous purposes, nor any profession or occu- 
pation, can be admitted to possess such privilege. Nor 
can it be justly expected of physicians to furnish cer- 
tificates of inability to serve on juries, to perform militia 
duty, or to testify to the state of health of persons wish- 
ing to insure their lives, obtain pensions, or the like, 
without a pecuniary acknowledgment. But to indi- 
viduals in indigent circumstances, such professional 
services should always be cheerfully and freely accorded. 

§ 4. It is the duty of physicians, who are frequent 
witnesses of the enormities committed by quackery, and 
the injury to health and even destruction of life caused 
by the use of quack medicines, to enlighten the public 
on these subjects, to expose the injuries sustained by 
6 



62 CODE OF ETHICS. 

the unwary from the devices and pretensions of artful 
empirics and impostors. Physicians ought to use all 
the influence which they may possess, as professors in 
Colleges of Pharmacy, and by exercising their option 
in regard to the shops to which their prescriptions shall 
be sent, to discourage druggists and apothecaries from 
rending quack or secret medicines, or from being in 
any way engaged in their manufacture and sale. 

Art. II. — Obligations of the public to physicians. 

§ 1. The benefits accruing to the public, directly 
and indirectly, from the active and unwearied benefi- 
cence of the profession, are so numerous and import- 
ant, that physicians are justly entitled to the utmost 
consideration and respect from the community. The 
public ought likewise to entertain a just appreciation 
of medical qualifications ; — to make a proper discrimi- 
nation between true science and the assumptions of 
ignorance and empiricism — to afford every encourage- 
ment and facility for the acquisition of medical educa- 
tion — and no longer to allow the statute books to ex- 
hibit the anomaly of exacting knowledge from physi- 
cians, under liability to heavy penalties, and of making* 
them obnoxious to punishment for resorting to the only 
means of obt amino: it, 



PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS 



WHICH THE 



MEMBERS OF THE ASSOCIATION 



INVITED TO VISIT. 



TO WHICH THEY WILL BE ADMITTED 



ON SHOWING THEIR 



CARDS OF MEMBERSHIP. 



UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 

MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. 
NINTH ST., BETWEEN CHESTNUT AND MARKET STS. 



Founded in 1T49. The Medical Department was 
organized in 1765, by the appointment of Drs. Mor- 
gan and Shippen to professorships. The Museum 
belonging to it is called the Wistar and Horner 
Museum. It originated from the private anatomical 
collection of Professor Wistar, which, after his death, 
was presented by his widow to the Institution, and was 
extended by the labours of the late Professor Horner, 
aided by the contributions of other physicians, and 
made still more valuable by the bequest of the private 
cabinet of Dr. Horner. To these have been added the 
Pathological Cabinet of Dr. Wood, and numerous ad- 
ditions in the Anatomical and Materia Medica Depart- 
ments have been made by the present Professors. 

Emeritus Professors. 

Robert Hare, M. D., Chemistry. 

William Gibson, M. D., Surgery. 
Professors. 

Samuel Jackson, M. D., Institutes of Medicine. 

George B. Wood, M. D., Practice of Medicine and 
Clinical Medicine. 

Hugh L. Hodge, M. D., Obstetrics and Diseases of 
Women and Children. 

Joseph Carson, M. D., Materia Medica and Phar- 
macy. 

Robert E. Rogers, M. D., Chemistry, 

Joseph Leidy, M. D., Anatomy. 

, ■ , Surgery. 



66 



JEFFERSON MEDICAL COLLEGE, 

TENTH ST. ? BETWEEN GEORGE AND WALNUT STS. 



This School was established in 1825. The building 
contains, in addition to lecture and dissecting-rooms, a 
spacious museum and hospital accommodations for the 
clinic of the institution. 

The faculty are as follows : — 

Robley Dunglison, M. D., Professor of Institutes 
of Medicine, &c. 

Robert M. Huston, M. D., Professor of Materia 
Medica and General Therapeutics. 

Joseph Pancoast, M. D., Professor of General, De- 
scriptive, and Surgical Anatomy. 

John K. Mitchell, M. D., Professor of Practice of 
Medicine. 

Thomas D. Mutter, M. D., Professor of Institutes 
and Practice of Surgery. 

Charles D. Meigs, M. D., Professor of Obstetrics, 
and Diseases of Women and Children. 

Franklin Bache, M. D., Professor of Chemistry. 



67 



MEDICAL DEPARTMENT 

OF 

PENNSYLVANIA COLLEGE. 

NINTH ST., BETWEEN SPRUCE AND LOCUST STS. 



Founded A. D. 1839, and authorized A. D. 1840, 
by the Legislature of Pennsylvania, to confer the de- 
gree of Doctor of Medicine. 

FACULTY OF MEDICINE. 

Dayid Gilbert, M. D., Professor of Obstetrics and 
Diseases of Women and Children. 

Alfred Stille, M. D., Prof, of the Theory and 
Practice of Medicine. 

John Xeill, M. D., Prof, of the Principles and 
Practice of Surgery. 

J. M. Allen, M. D., Prof, of Special and Surgical 
Anatomy. 

John J. PvEESE, M. D., Prof, of Medical Chemistry 
and Pharmacy. 

John B. Biddle, M. D., Prof, of Therapeutics and 
Materia Medica. 

Francis G-. Smith, M. D., Prof, of Institutes of 
Medicine. 

John J. Reese, M. D., Registrar. 

The annual course of lectures commences on the 
second Monday in October, and is continued until the 
1st of March, ensuing. Requisitions for graduation, 
the same as in the University of Pennsylvania, 



68 



PHILADELPHIA 
COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, 

FIFTH STREET, BELOW WALNUT. 



This Institution was chartered in 1841. It was pur- 
chased, in 1854, by the members of the present faculty. 
Two full courses are given annually — degrees being 
conferred in March and July. 

Faculty. 

Isaac A. Pennypacker, M. D. ; Prof, of Practice of 
Medicine. 

James L. Tyson, M. D., Prof, of Materia Medica, 

Lewis D. Harlow, M. D., Prof, of Obstetrics, &c. 

Joseph Parrish, M. D., Emeritus Prof, of Obstet- 
rics, &c. 

James Bryan, M. D., Prof, of Surgery. 

Henry Hartshorne, M. D., Prof, of Institutes of 
Medicine. 

George Hewston, M. D., Prof, of Anatomy. 

B. Howard Rand, M. D., Prof, of Medical Chem- 
istry. 

B. HOWARD RAXD, M, I)., Dean. 



69 



PHILADELPHIA 

COLLEGE OF PHARMACY. 

SOUTH SIDE OF ZANE ST., ABOVE 7TH ST, 



This Institution was organized in March, 1821, 
since which period annual courses of lectures on Che- 
mistry, Materia Medica and Pharmacy have been 
regularly delivered. For many years, the departments 
of Materia Medica and Pharmacy were confided to a 
single chair, but in 1846 a separate chair of Pharmacy 
was instituted. 

The matriculants now average about one hundred, 
and the graduates about twenty-five, per annum. 

The length of the session is five months, extending 
from the beginning of October to the first of March. 

The requisites for graduation, are three years and 
three months actual engagement in an apothecary 
store, attendance on two full courses of lectures, and 
the usual qualifications of good character, &c. 

The present Professors are— 

Robert Bridges, M. D., on Chemistry. 
William Procter, Jr., on Pharmacy. 
Robert P. Thomas, M. D., on Materia Medica, 



70 



PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL. 

Founded in 1751. 
ENTRANCE ON EIGHTH STREET, BELOW SPRUCE. 



The Hospital building has a front of 281 feet, and 
is surrounded by spacious gardens, the square of 
ground on which it stands containing four and a 
quarter acres. The design of the charity is general, 
its charter providing for the relief of such poor as are 
afflicted with curable diseases, not infections, and the 
insane. Chronic, as well as acute cases of disease, are 
received, if judged susceptible of relief, and all recent 
accidents are admitted without question, if brought to 
the door within twenty-four hours from their occurrence. 

The medical library of the Institution contains over 
10,000 volumes, and has been founded and is supported 
by the fees derived from students' tickets. 

The number of patients treated in the last official 
year, was 1,997. 

Physicians. — Drs. George B. Wood, William Pep- 
per, and Wm. W. Gerhard. 

Surgeons. — Drs. George W. Morris, Edward 
Peace, John jSTeill, and Joseph Pancoast. 

Resident Physicians. — Drs. Wm. R. Dunton, Au- 
gustus Wilson, and John H. Packard. 



PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL. 71 



PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 

The first provision for the care and treatment of the 
Insane in America, was made in the establishment of 
the Pennsylvania Hospital in the city of Philadelphia, 
in the year 1151, a section of that building being 
always appropriated to this object, till 1841, when the 
insane patients were removed to a new structure, two 
miles west of the river Schuylkill, the title of which is 
"The Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane.' 7 
This Institution is between the Westchester and Haver- 
ford Roads, on the latter of which is the gate of en- 
trance, and it is accessible by the various omnibuses 
passing out Market Street. It has connected with it 
111 acres of land, 41 of which are inclosed and im- 
proved as gardens and pleasure-grounds for the pa- 
tients, and the rest are used for farming purposes. 

The present buildings provide for the officers, attend- 
ants, and about 220 patients; but there is commonly a 
larger number under treatment. 413 patients were un- 
der care during the past year, the average number being 
229. The want of more extended accommodations for 
the insane is now so urgent, that the Board of Mana- 
gers are engaged in collecting means to erect a new 
Hospital of equal size, on the TO acres now used as a 
farm, after which, the two sexes will occupy entirely 
distinct buildings. 

Physician. — Dr. Thomas S. Kirkbride. 
Assistant Physician. — Dr. J. Edwards Lee. 



72 



PHILADELPHIA HOSPITAL 



ALMSHOUSE. 



This is situated upon the west side of the Schuylkill 
River, about half a mile below Market Street bridge. 

The whole establishment is one of the most extensive 
in the country, of which the Hospital and Lunatic Asy- 
lum embrace the larger part. The buildings are ar- 
ranged in the form of a hollow square, the north and 
west buildings being more particularly devoted to the 
male and female wards, the children's asylum, and the 
obstetrical department, while the south building is occu- 
pied as the Insane Asylum. 

The department for males is divided into the men's 
medical, surgical, venereal, and clinical wards; and the 
department for females into the same, together with the 
obstetrical wards, the nursery, and the children's asylum. 
The number of inmates in the Hospital proper and In- 
sane Asylum have averaged, during the • past winter, 
1800. The varieties of cases of disease are as great as 
the circle of human maladies ; there being, in fact, hardly 
a case in the whole catalogue which does not present 
itself in the course of the year. They are treated in the 
house, excepting those of variola, which have a small 
and separate outward building appropriated to them 
for obvious reasons. 



PHILADELPHIA HOSPITAL. 73 

The access to the institution, for clinical investiga- 
tions, is easy during the whole year by omnibuses, 
which pass a short distance from the house. 

During the winter season, and the continuance of the 
lectures in the different medical institutions, convey- 
ances are found by the Managers of the Hospital for 
the students twice a week to the public clinical lectures, 
for which a fee of $10 is clemaaded, which also entitles 
the holder of a ticket to visit the wards for the whole 
year. 

The Board of Guardians of the Poor, who are the 
managers of the institution, are elected by the people, 
and hold their offices for one year. The Almshouse 
and its various departments is supported by a direct 
tax. 

The Medical Board of the Hospital consists of a 
Resident Physician-in-chief, who resides in the build- 
ing, and directs the general management ; together 
with two Consulting Surgeons and Lecturers on Clini- 
cal Surgery, and two Consulting Physicians and Lec- 
turers on Clinical Medicine. 

Attached to the Hospital are also eight Assistant 
Resident Physicians, who are graduates in medicine, 
and hold their offices for two years. Two of these gen- 
tlemen are attached, for specified times, to certain wards, 
and the insane department in rotation. 

The present Medical Board consists of — 

Resident Phy si cian-in- chief. — Dr. A. B. Campbell. 

Consulting Surgeons and Lecturers on Clinical Sur- 
gery. — Drs. Henry H. Smith and D. H. Agnew t . 

Consulting Physicians and Lecturers on Clinical 
Medicine. — Drs. Casper Morris and J. L. Ludlow. 
7 



74 



FRIENDS' 
ASYLUM FOR THE INSANE. 

NEAR FRANKFORD, PHILADELPHIA. 



This Institution (under the care of the Society of 
Friends), located near Frankford, was one of the first of 
the kind established in the United States. It has been in 
existence nearly forty years, and during all that period 
has been distinguished for the wisdom and economy of 
its administration, and for the mildness and success of 
its treatment. Kindness towards the unfortunate occu- 
pants of its wards, and the adoption of measures cal- 
culated to improve their physical, mental, and moral 
condition, have always constituted the leading objects 
of those concerned in its management. 

The building will accommodate seventy to seventy- 
five patients, but there is seldom more than sixty in 
the wards. The latter are conveniently arranged, hav- 
ing large and separate sitting-rooms for the two sexes. 
Amusements of different kinds are encouraged and 
provided, and manual labour in the garden or on the 
farm is recommended. There is also a library. 

OFFICERS. 

Joshua H. Worthington, M. D., Physician and 
Superintendent. 

Charles Ellis, 56 Chestnut St,, Clerk of Board of 
Managers. 

Horatio C. Wood, 3 1 Chestnut Street, Treasurer. 



to 



WILLS' HOSPITAL, 

FOR THE 

RELIEF OF THE INDIGENT BLIND AND LAME. 

RACE STREET, BETWEEN 18TH AND 19TH, 

SOUTH SIDE OF LOGAN SQUARE. 



This is an infirmary devoted to the treatment, of 
curable diseases of the eyes, and of such curable dis- 
eases of the limbs as involve lameness. It was insti- 
tuted under the bequest of the late James Wills, whose 
name it bears, and who provided for its endowment by 
a handsome legacy to the Corporation of Philadelphia, 
in trust for the purchase of grounds, the erection of a 
suitable building, and the defrayment of all requisite 
expenses in its yearly management as a hospital. 

It was opened for occupation, March 1, 1834 ; and, 
although the available income has always been mode- 
rate, relief has been afforded to a large number of in- 
valids admitted into the house, as well as to a much 
larger number of others who have attended only as 
out-patients. 

The board of Managers, eighteen in number, is 
elected by the Select and Common Councils of the 
city. 

Surgeons. — Drs. S. Littell, Edward Hartshorne, 
F. W. Sargent, and Addinell Hewson. 

Physicians. — Drs. S. L. Hollingsworth, J. J. 
Reese, J. L. Tyson, and J. J. Levick. 

Resident Physician. — Dr. Jno. S. Kitchen. 



76 



ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, 

GIRARD AVENUE, BETWEEN 16TJI AND 17TH STREETS. 



This Institution is in the vicinity of the Girard 
College, and occupies half a square of ground. It is 
under the immediate supervision of ladies of the re- 
ligious order of St. Joseph, and by the terms of the 
charter its benefits and advantages are " extended to 
the sick, without reference to creed, country, or colour." 
It was chartered in 1849, and opened in the following 
year. The Hospital contains sixty beds for the sick, 
of which forty-three are devoted to medical cases. It 
possesses a good medical library and collection of sur- 
gical instruments — a bequest from the late Dr. William 
E. Horner, one of the founders of the Hospital, and one 
of its surgeons at the time of his death. 

Physicians. — Drs. Alfred Stille, William V. 
Keating, and F. Gurney Smith. 

Surgeons. — Drs. Henry H. Smith, J. H. B. Mc- 
Clellan, and William B. Page. 

Obstetricians. — Drs. B. McNeill, John D. Bryant, 
and Augustus Bournonville, Jr. 



77 



EPISCOPAL HOSPITAL. 

CORNER OF HUNTINGDON AND FRONT STREETS. 



This Institution was founded by members of the 
Episcopal church, but is intended for the sick of every 
country, creed, and colour. It was opened for the re- 
ception of patients, in December, 1853. 

It contains thirty-five beds ; and, during the last year, 
two hundred and eighty-nine patients were treated. 

Out-of-door, or dispensary patients, are attended by 
the Assistant Surgeons and Physicians. 

The building, at present occupied for the Hospital, 
was formerly the country-house of the ladies who gene- 
rously presented it with the adjoining grounds to the 
Institution ; but it is contemplated to erect, at as early 
a period as possible, a more spacious building, and one 
better adapted for the purposes of an hospital. 

The Medical Board consists as follows :— 

Physicians. — Drs. Deacon, J. B. Biddle, J. J. 
Reese, and F. West. 

Surgeons. — Drs. Wm. Hunt, Bernard Henry, R. 
S. Kenderdine, and H. E. Drayton. 

Accoucheurs. — Drs. Wiltbank and Stocker. 

Assistant Physicians. — Drs. Alex. Wilcocks, Rich- 
ard Clements, Francis Lewis, Moreton Stille, 
Robt. Stewart, and H. Robinett. 

Assistant Surgeons. — Drs. R. F. Penrose, J. Y. 
Patterson, Richard Levis, T. H. Bache, J. Cues- 
ton Morris, and A. Douglass Hall. 

House Residents. — Drs. A. Douglass Hall and 
Wm. D. TJoyt. 

7* 



78 



CITY HOSPITAL, 



COATES STREET BETWEEN 19TH AND 20TH STREETS. 



This Institution, known as the Bush Hill or the 
Smallpox Hospital, was established by an act of the 
legislature in the early part of the present century, 
and occupies, with its grounds, the entire square. It 
is under the control and management of the Board of 
Health of Philadelphia, and is a public hospital for 
the reception and treatment of all persons "who shall 
be afflicted with any pestilential or contagious disease." 

The diseases treated in this Hospital, are confined 
chiefly to smallpox and ship-fever, of which a few 
cases are generally to be found there throughout the 
year. During the prevalence of the several epidemics 
of yellow fever and cholera asphyxia in our city, a large 
share of the cases were received into and treated in this 
Hospital. 

It has ample accommodations for one hundred and 
fifty beds ; is kept in readiness for the admission of 
patients during the entire year, and has one attending 
physician, one matron, one male and two female nurses, 
a watchman, together with several servants, all of whom 
are appointed annually by the Board of Health. 

All applications for admission into this Hospital, are 
made to the Board of Health ; and for every patient 



< ( 1TY HOSPITAL. 79 

received therein, the law provides that " the estate, real 
and personal, shall be liable to pay, satisfy, and reim- 
burse all the charges and expenses incurred in the said 
public Hospital, unless the Board of Health award 
that they shall be exonerated and exempt therefrom." 

The general construction of this Hospital, consisting 
of a centre building fifty feet front, three stories high, 
with two wings, each one hundred feet in length and 
two stories in height — as well as the commodious and 
eligible arrangements of the wards, for ventilation, 
comfort and convenience, together with an extensive 
latticed veranda for the use of convalescents — although 
planned and erected in 1810, will bear a comparison, 
in point of advantages, with any similar institution of 
more recent construction. 

When these buildings were located and erected, they 
were in an isolated and healthy spot, more than two 
miles beyond the population, and to the northwest of 
what is known in the annals of Philadelphia, as Bush 
Hill, once the country-seat of James Hamilton, Esq., 
Colonial Governor of the Province of Pennsylvania, in 
1760. But now the rapid and steady march of im- 
provement having completely girdled this once beau- 
tiful and romantic locality, rendering it no longer 
suitable, much less desirable for a pest hospital, the City 
Councils have recently passed an ordinance for its re- 
moval to a more eligible location, about two miles due 
north from its present site. 



80 



LAZARETTO, 



HOSPITAL AND QUARANTINE STATION, 



The Lazaretto, with its Hospital, is situated on the 
island of Tinicum, in the river Delaware, about twelve 
miles below the city. 

This Quarantine Station is also under the control 
and management of the Board of Health. But its 
officers, consisting of a Lazaretto Physician and 
Quarantine Master, who reside therein during the 
quarantine season, are appointed by the Governor of 
the State, who likewise appoints the Port Physician 
and Health Officer, who reside in the city; all of 
whom, however, are subject to the direction and con- 
trol of the Board of Health. 

All vessels from foreign parts, arriving here during 
quarantine, that is, between the 1st of June and the 1st 
day of October, a period of four months, are obliged 
to stop at the Lazaretto and receive a visit from the 
Physician, accompanied by the Quarantine Master. 
The sick, if any, who are afflicted with pestilential or 
contagious diseases, are removed to the Hospital and 
placed under treatment by the Physician. 

The wards of this Hospital are large, airy, well 
ventilated, and will accommodate safely one hundred 
patients. 



LAZARETTO. 81 

Every convenience is to be found at this hospital 
station, for the comfort and welfare of the sick. The 
grounds are spacious and beautifully improved. The 
site is elevated, and its position on the river front 
affords an extensive and picturesque view, both up and 
down the Delaware, whitened with canvas, studded 
with islands, or its margin on either shore dotted with 
farm-houses or enlivened by villages. 

Both of these Institutions are accessible, are ex- 
ceedingly interesting in their character, and deserve a 
visit. 

The Board of Health have kindly passed a resolution 
inviting the Delegates of the American Medical Asso- 
ciation to visit, at any time during their stay in the 
city, either of these Hospitals. 

Their card will admit them at any hour of the day. 



82 



WESTERN CLINICAL INFIRMARY, 

CATHARINE ST., BETWEEN 15TH AND 16TH STS. 



This Institution, recently chartered by the legis- 
lature, was opened for the admission of patients on 
the first of October last. 

The building occupied as the Hospital stands in the 
centre of an open square, and contains twenty-three 
beds. It is situated in a quarter of the city remote 
from all other charitable institutions, and in one chiefly 
inhabited by the poorer classes. 

The Infirmary "is conducted on the principle of 
specialities, each physician of the faculty devoting him- 
self to the consideration and treatment of a special 
class of diseases." 

The Medical Board is composed of 
Dr. James L. Tyson, Diseases of the Chest. 

" Joseph Klapp, Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 

" Charles P. Turner, Fevers. 

" 0. H. Partridge, Diseases of the Skin. 

" Andrew Cheeseman, Diseases of the Eye and Ear. 

" D. D. Clark, Diseases of the Genito-Urinary 
Organs. 

" Joseph Parrish, Diseases of Females. 

" T. Hewson Bache, and Dr. R. P. Thomas, Gene- 
ral and Special Surgery. 

" George R. Moorehouse, Diseases of the Brain and 
Nervous System. 

" Morris Crump, Resident Physician. 



PHILADELPHIA DISPENSARY, 

No. 45 SOUTH FIFTH STREET. 



This charity was instituted April 2, 1186, with, the 
design of furnishing medicine and medical attendance 
to the respectable poor of Philadelphia. It is sup- 
ported by contributions and by the income derived 
from legacies that have from time to time been left to 
it. It is under the control of twelve Managers, elected 
by the contributors from among themselves ; and its 
benefits are confined to those persons living between 
Tine and South Streets, and between the Delaware 
and Schuylkill Rivers. All who are too ill to call at 
the Dispensary, upon making application there, are 
attended by physicians at their residences ; those able 
to go out, are prescribed for at the Institution. The 
midwifery cases are under the charge of an obstetrician, 
who has attended 114 women during the past year. 
The number of patients treated at their homes in the 
same time was 1,682 ; at the Dispensary, 5,140. 

The officers are as follows : — 

District Physicians. — James M. Corse, M. D. ; 0. 
A. Judson, M. D. ; A. Owen Stille, M. D. ; G. H. 
Robixett, M. D.; M. W. Collet, M. D., and T. H. 
Jackson, M. D. 

Obstetric Physician. — Joseph Warrington, M. D. 

Apothecary. — George Martin, M. D. 

Assistants. — A. Gray, M. D., and F. J. Leverett. 

The Apothecary and Assistants reside at the Dis- 
pensary. 



84 
NORTHERN DISPENSARY, 

No. 1 SPRING GARDEN STREET. 



This Institution was instituted in 1816, by the exer- 
tions of Bishop White and Dr. S. P. Griffitts, then 
the President and Secretary of the Philadelphia Dis- 
pensary. It annually has under the Resident and At- 
tending Physicians more than six thousand patients. 
It affords an excellent school for the study of pharmacy 
and minor surgery. 

The Resident and Attending Physicians constitute a 
Medical Board, "to promote the best interests of the 
Institution, and to foster feelings of professional good- 
will and cordiality towards each other.' 7 

The Managers have furnished them with a valuable 
library, and the best medical periodicals of this country 
and Europe are placed on their table. 

Resident Physician and Apothecary. — Dr. Thomas 
Bond. 

Attending Physicians and Surgeons. — Drs. Joseph 
R. Bryan, John Rhein, Levi Curtis, Owen Osler, 
P. R. Shunk, J. K. Uhler, J. Gibbons Hunt, J. H. 
Smaltz. 

Consulting Physicians. — Drs. Samuel Jackson, Jno. 
Uhler, Charles Noble, Isaac Remington, J. K. 
Mitchell, M. M. Levis. 

Consulting Surgeons. — Drs. Paul Beck Goddard, 
Thos. D. Mutter, Wm. Ashmead, David Gilbert. 

Consulting Physicians to the Lying-in Department. — 
Drs. Hugh L. Hodge, Benj. S. Janney, Charles D. 
Meigs, Thos. H. Yardley. 



85 



MEDICAL DEPARTMENT 

OF THE 

HOUSE OF INDUSTRY, 

CATHARINE ST., NEAR SEVENTH. 



The Institution hitherto known as the Moyamen* 
sing Dispensary, having become merged in the Moya- 
mensing House of Industry, is now effectively organized 
under the above name, and is dispensing its benefits in 
a part of the city not occupied by any similar charity. 

Since June last, 2,200 patients have been prescribed 
for, either at the Dispensary or at their own homes, 
and the monthly average is constantly increasing. 

The territorial limits of this Dispensary embrace all 
of the city below South Street, between the Delaware 
and Schuylkill Rivers. This tract is subdivided into 
four districts. 

Attending Physicians and Surgeons.* — Drs. Wm. B. 
Atkinson, No. 29 Spruce Street; J. Da Costa, No. 
140 South Eleventh Street ; J. H. Brinton, Broad 
Street, above Chestnut; J. Cheston Morris, No. 504 
Chestnut Street. 

Resident Apothecary. — Dr. S. II. Porter. 

8 



86 



PRESTON RETREAT. 



HAMILTON STREET, BETWEEN TWENTY-FIKST AND 
TWENTY-SECOND STREETS. 



Tm£ Institution is upon the way to Fairmount. It 
was erected in pursuance of the will of the late Dr. 
Jonas Preston for a Lying-in Hospital. But the 
commercial disasters of 1837 destroyed the greater 
part of the fund set apart for its endowment, and pre- 
vented the execution of the benevolent founder's inten- 
tion. For some years past it has been occupied by the 
Foster Home Association, whose object is to rescue 
destitute children from poverty and vice, and train 
them up for usefulness. 

The facade of the building is of marble, with an im- 
posing Doric portico ; and, from its elevated situation 
and dimensions, forms a striking object. 



-7 



UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 

DEPARTMENT OF ARTS. 
NINTH STREET, BELOW MARKET. 



This Institution was established in 1T50 ? as a School, 
and chartered as a College in 1^55. The present build- 
ing was erected in 1828. It is, externally, of the same 
style and dimensions as the adjacent Medical Depart- 
ment, and, internally, is conveniently arranged for lec- 
tures and class recitations. It also comprises a Faculty 
of Chemistry applied to the Arts and a Law Depart- 
ment, which was instituted in 1850. The Provost of 
the University is 

Henry Yethake, LL. D. 



8.8 



GIRARD COLLEGE FOR ORPHANS. 

GIRARD AVENUE AND NINETEENTH STREET. 



This Institution may be reached by the 1 Oth Street 
or by the 13th Street line of omnibuses. The College 
belongs to the City of Philadelphia, and was esta- 
blished, pursuant to the will of Stephen Girard, for 
the education of orphans. The building, which is of 
white marble, was designed by Thomas TJ. Walter, 
Architect. Its corner-stone was laid July 4, 1833, and 
the crowning-stone was placed August 29, 1846. Its 
style of architecture is Corinthian, and the columns, 
34 in number, are 55 feet high. The length of the 
body of the building, excluding the portico, is 169 
feet, and its breadth 111 feet. The roof is composed 
of marble tiles, resembling those of the Cathedral 
of Milan, each one of which weighs ^6 lbs. The 
entire weight of the roof is 969 tons. The building 
comprises three stories, and in each one there are 
four rooms 50 feet square. These are used as recita- 
tion and lecture rooms. The pupils and teachers 
occupy four out-buildings, also of marble, and each 
125 feet long by 52 feet wide, and three stories high. 
The grounds comprise about 41 acres, which are en- 
closed with a stone wall. The cost of the buildings 
was $1,933,821 T8. 

The number of pupils in the College is about three 



GIRARD COLLEGE FOR ORPHANS. 89 

hundred. The rules require that they shall be admitted 
between the ages of six and teu years; they remain, 
unless before dismissed, for seven or eight years, and 
are then apprenticed to learn agriculture, or some use- 
ful trade or occupation. Meanwhile, they are taught 
almost every branch of elementary and practical know- 
ledge, including music and drawing, and in the Spanish 
and French languages ; so that, as instructed artisans, 
they may hereafter feel that "knowledge dignifies la- 
bour." 

The College is under the control of a Board of six- 
teen Directors, appointed by the City Councils of 
Philadelphia. Its collegiate officers consist of a Presi- 
dent, six Professors, and as many female teachers. 
Three males and seven females control the economical 
arrangements of the house, as Steward, Matron, Go- 
vernesses, &c. 

President. — William H. Allen. 
Physicians. — S. L. Hollingsworth, M. P., F. W. 
Sargent, M. P. 



8* 



90 



CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL. 

CORNER OF BROAD AND GREEN STREETS. 



This building was erected in 1853-4. The origi- 
nal High School, the College of the Philadelphia 
public-school system, was erected in 1838, on Centre 
Square, adjoining the TJ. S. Mint. Owing to the in- 
creased commercial activity of that neighbourhood, 
and the greater number of pupils to be educated, the 
new edifice was built. It is one hundred feet long 
by seventy-two deep, and to the top of the dome is 
one hundred and twelve feet high. The observatory 
is built upon piers of solid masonry, which, although 
inclosed by the walls of the edifice, stands isolated 
from every part of it. The height of the first story is 
twenty feet three inches ; and that of the second and 
third, each about sixteen feet. Each story contains 
six rooms, except the first, which has but four, of which 
one used as a lecture-room is capable of seating six 
hundred persons. The building is warmed by four 
large furnaces, placed upon a periphery of the ground 
floor, and is ventilated by two stacks rising near the 
middle of the edifice, through each of which an ascend- 
ing current of air is constantly maintained by means of 
a coal stove within it just below the roof. 

The astronomical and philosophical apparatus, the 
cabinet of Natural History, and the other means of 
illustrating the lectures, are of the most complete 
description, and cost nearly $18,000. 



CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL. 91 

The school contains about six hundred pupils, who 
are instructed by twelve professors and four assistants. 
The course of study extends through four years, and 
embraces all of the departments, except Greek, which 
are taught in the first American colleges, together 
with French, German, civil engineering, drawing, writ- 
ing, book-keeping, and phonography. The Degree of 
A. B, is conferred upon students who have successfully 
completed a four years 7 course, and that of A. M. upon 
A. B.'s of at least live years' standing. The whole 
number of students w r ho have been in the school since 
its organization is 3,212, of whom 601 are now in 
attendance. Its annual cost is about $19,000. 

The annual cost of the public schools of Philadelphia 
is about $500,000, which is raised by taxation of the 
city itself. The number of scholars in daily attend- 
ance is 52,0^3, and of teachers 876. The schools are 
arranged in four distinct grades, viz: Primary, Se- 
condary, Grammar, and High Schools ; and none are 
admitted into the latter without passing through the 
subordinate grade. The limit of attendance, required 
by law, in the lower schools is one year. The average 
of the actual attendance is five years and six months. 

In so short a notice it is impossible fully to describe 
the Public Schools of Philadelphia, or even its crown- 
ing Institution, which is an object of pride to our 
citizens, and will amply repay the attention of all whose 
interest in the subject of education may lead them to 
examine it. 

The High School was first fully organized, in 1839, 
by Prof. Alexander D. Bache, now Chief of the U. S. 
Coast Survey, who presided over it for two years and 
a half; his successor in office, and the present Princi- 
pal, i- John S. Hart, LL. I). 



92 



PENNSYLVANIA INSTITUTION 

FOR THE 

INSTRUCTION OF THE BLIND. 

NORTHWEST CORNER OF RACE AND 20TH STS. 



This Institution is convenient of access by several 
lines of omnibuses, viz : the Yine, Arch, Walnut, 
Chestnut and 20th Street, and Chestnut and 16th 
Street lines. 

It is opened to visitors, every Wednesday afternoon, 
from 3 to 5 o'clock. An opportunity is afforded from 
3 to 4 to examine the work-rooms ; and at 4 o'clock an 
exhibition — consisting of vocal and instrumental music, 
and exercises with the apparatus used in the instruc- 
tion of the pupils — is given. 

The Institution was organized March 5, 1833, with 
Mr. J. Friedlander as its first Principal, under the 
auspices of the late venerable Bishop White, John 
Yaughan, P. S. Duponceau, William Y. Birch, J. 
Francis Fisher, and others. 

The following States send their blind to this Institu- 
tion, and contribute to its support, viz: Pennsylvania, 
New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland. 

Besides the income thus derived, the Institution owes 
much to the munificence of the late Win, Y, Birch, Esq.. 



Pennsylvania tnstitutiox fob blind. 93 

who Left to it a large estate, and thereby enables it to 
support many poor pupils. 

The number of pupils in the Institution on the 1st 
of Jan., 1855, was 1*25. 

Of which number, thirty contribute mainly or in part, 
by their own talents and industry, to their own sup- 
port ; and six are pay pupils. One of the male pupils, 
now receiving' instruction in the institution, is deaf, 
dumb, and blind, having become blind subsequently to 
his instruction as a deaf mute. 

The regular subjects of instruction are as follows : — 

Orthography, reading, writing (by boards and pin 
type), arithmetic, geography, grammar, algebra, geo- 
metry, trigonometry, natural history, natural philoso- 
phy, physiology, synonymes, rhetoric, logic, histories 
of the United States, Greece, Rome and England, Bib- 
lical and general literature, moral philosophy, and 
music — vocal and instrumental. 

The additional branches are : Constitution of the 
United States, astronomy, geology, mental philosophy 
and political economy. 

The orchestra is very effective, and is composed of 
twenty-eight instruments. 

A "Home for the Industrious Blind" was regu- 
larly organized in October, 1851, for the employment 
of graduated pupils. In this department there are now 
six males and eleven females. A low rate of board is 
charged to each, and full price allowed for their work. 
Several of the females assist in teaching, and are com- 
pensated accordingly. 

Principal — William Ciiapin. 
Consulting Physician. — Charles D. Meigs, M. D. 
Consulting Surgeon. — Wm. Byrd Page, M. D. 
Visiting Physician. — A. E. Stocker, M. I). 



94 



PENNSYLVANIA INSTITUTION 

FOR THE 

DEAF AND DUMB. 

BROAD STREET, BETWEEN SPRUCE AND PINE STS. 
Founded, A. D. 1820. Incorporated, A. D. 1821. 



The Deaf and Dumb of the States of Pennsylvania, 
Maryland, Xew Jersey, and Delaware, are educated at 
this institution. The number of pupils is at present 
163, of whom 106 are supported by the State of Penn- 
sylvania, 18 by Maryland, 11 by iSTew Jersey, 3 by 
Delaware, and 25 by the Institution or their friends. 
A public exhibition of the pupils is held every Thurs- 
day afternoon at three o'clock, 

Officers for 1855 : — - 

President of the Board of Directors. — Rev. P. F. 
Mayer, D.D. 

Principal of the Institution. — A. B. Hutton, A.M. 

Physician. — John B. Biddle, M. D. 

Consulting Physicians. — G. B. TTOOP, M. D., J. Pan* 
coast, M.D., T. D. Mutter, M.D. 



95 



PENNSYLVANIA 
TRAINING SCHOOL, 

FOR 

IDIOTIC AND FEEBLE-MIXDED CHILDREN. 

WOODBINE AVENUE, GERMANTOWN. 



This Institution was established principally through 
the philanthropic promptings of its present Principal, 
Jas. B. Richards, Esq., aided by a few benevolent 
gentlemen of this city. It was incorporated by the 
Legislature of the State in April, 1853, and an allow- 
ance was made by them of $200 per annum for the 
support of indigent State pupils, not to exceed twenty; 
and also a conditional appropriation made, which, 
however, has not yet become available. 

The happ^ results which have attended the efforts to 
improve the condition of idiots, and those of feeble 
mind, are almost marvellous ; and a visit to Mr. Rich- 
ards's school will afford the conviction that even out 
of idiots "we can rear up self-respecting, self-support- 
ing, God-fearing men and women." 

The squalid, stupid, morose, or vicious child who 
has become a burthen to his family and society, is here 
taught habits of order and neatness, rendered tracta- 
ble and useful, learned the intelligent use of speech, 
and so far raised above his original imbecility as both 
to experience pleasure, and to bestow it upon those 
around him. Many of the children learn to read, to 
sew, to knit, and, in other ways, to occupy themselves 
pleasantly and usefully. 



9(3 



ORPHANS' 
SOCIETY OF-PHILADELPHIA. 

EIGHTEENTH ST., BETWEEN CHERRY AND RACE. 



This Institution was founded in 1814. Its object is 
"to rescue from ignorance, idleness, and vice, destitute, 
unprotected, and helpless children, by providing for 
them that support and instruction which will eventually 
enable them to become useful members of society." 

The building is a substantial brick structure, 110 
feet by 53, and consists of a basement, in which are the 
offices and dining-room ; a principal story, in which are 
the school-rooms, chapel, and parlours; and the second 
is appropriated for chambers. The basement is arched, 
and the stairways are of stone. The number of orphans 
in the institution is at present one hundred and eighteen. 

. The Medical Board of the Asylum consists of — 

Dr. F. G. Smith, 
" J. J. Reese, 
" F. West, 

Each performing a service of four months in the year. 



i>7 



ST. JOHN'S ORPHAN ASYLUM. 

WEST SIDE OF THE SCHUYLKILL RIVER, 

ABOUT TWO AND A HALF MILES FROM MARKET STREET BRIDGE. 



This Institution occupies a lot of 13 acres, on which 
is a spacious and elegant building of 220 feet long, and 
capable of accommodating a family of about 250 or- 
phans and their attendants. 

The establishment is under charge of ladies of the 
Religious Order of " St. Joseph.' 7 

Physician, Jos. G. Nancrede, M. D. 



ST. JOSEPH'S 
FEMALE ORPHAN ASYLUM 



Is situated at the southwest corner of Spruce and 
Seventh Streets, and is under the charge of the Reli- 
gious Order of the Sisters of Charity. The average 
number of orphans is about one hundred. 

Physician. — Wm. V. Keating, M. D. 



9 



98 
INDIGENT WIDOWS' 

AND 

SINGLE WOMEN'S SOCIETY OF PHILADELPHIA. 
CHERRY ST., BETWEEN 17th AND 18th STS. 



This institution was founded by certain ladies, who, 
convinced that much suffering existed among a class 
who in early life had been prosperous, but who in ad- 
vanced age were left without means or connections upon 
whom a natural claim would devolve, and believing that 
the misfortunes of such persons would be much increased 
by the necessity of seeking public charity and a home 
in the institution provided by law, with the contacts 
incident to such a residence, organized it upon the fol- 
lowing plan : Persons seeking admittance, should, with- 
out reference to sect or country, have reached the age 
of 60 years, having no immediate kindred able to sup- 
port them, and should never have occupied a menial 
situation. 

From the time of its foundation, some 30 years ago, 
this institution has been supported by voluntary contri- 
butions and legacies, and presided over by a board of 
ladies with uninterrupted success. The inmates at 
present number some TO persons ; the building is well 
constructed, warmed, and ventilated upon the most 
modern plan, affording every comfort and convenience 
that assiduous forethought and attention can supply. 
The inmates are happy and cheerful, and in their con- 
tentment and health exhibit the excellence of this 
charity. 

Physician. — Wm. D. Stroud, MP. 



99 

UNION 
SCHOOL AND CHILDREN'S HOME. 

S. E. CORNER OF TWELFTH AND FITZWATER STREETS. 



The object of the "Union School and Children's 
Home" is to afford a shelter, food, clothing, and school- 
ing, with moral training, to the neglected and deserted 
children of the inebriate, the convict, and abandoned 
of every class. These children are resigned to the 
Trustees by their parents, next friends, or a Judge of 
the Court of Record. By an act of incorporation, the 
Trustees possess legal power to indenture these child- 
ren, which trust they endeavour to discharge with great 
caution. It is also their duty to watch over them 
during their minority, and to see that the terms of the 
indenture are strictly complied with. This Institution 
has been in operation five years, during which time 
upwards of four hundred children have been sheltered 
under its roof, and more than two hundred have been 
provided with comfortable homes in the country. To 
decrease pauperism, and increase labourers, is the aim 
of those engaged in this enterprise ; and the success 
that has attended this effort is almost unprecedented. 

The work was commenced with twelve children, in a 
very small house ; the building now occupied is a large 
and commodious one, with a family of children averag- 
ing one hundred and nine. 

Possessing, as it does, the confidence of the public, 
it will continue to be liberally supported ; while its 
influence must and will be felt by that class of persons 
for whose benefit it was originally intended. The an- 
nual expenses have varied from tioo to four thousand 
dollars. 



100 



AMERICAN 
PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. 

FIFTH ST., BETWEEN CHESTNUT AND WALNUT STS. 



This Society was founded in May, It 63. The site 
of the present hall was presented to the Society by the 
State in It 85, and the building was erected in It 89. 
It consists of a basement, and two stories, the lower 
one of which is occupied by the Society for its library, 
museum, &c. 

The library contains 20,000 volumes, many of which 
are extremely rare and valuable, and many very valuable 
manuscripts. The collection of the Transactions of 
Learned Societies is among the most complete in this 
country. 

The cabinet contains a valuable collection of coins, 
minerals, &c, and there is belonging to it a large col- 
lection of fossils, which is at present deposited in the 
Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences. 

Treasurer and Librarian*— CHARLES B. Trego, Esq, 



101 



L I B It A R Y 
COMPANY OF PHILADELPHIA. 

Founded in 1731. 
FIFTH STREET, BETWEEN CHESTNUT AND WALNUT. 



Tins Institution was founded in 1731. The books 
are allowed to be taken out by Members of the Com- 
pany; others are at liberty at all times to make use of 
them on the premises. 

The number of volumes in the Institution is about 
55,000. Attached to it is the Loganian Library, 
which was bequeathed and endowed by James Logan, 
in 1792, and now contains about 10,000 volumes. 

Open daily, from 10 A. M. till sunset. 

Librarian. — Lloyd P. Smith. 



102 



ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. 



CORNER OF BROAD AND GEORGE STREETS. 



This Institution had its origin in the social meetings 
of a few individuals for recreation, after a release from 
their daily occupations. These gentlemen, six in num- 
ber, prompted by a taste for Natural Science, for the 
purpose of extending their opportunities by mutual 
assistance, and in the belief that, by systematizing their 
proceedings, their enthusiasm would achieve higher re- 
sults, organized their meeting in 1812. In 181T, this 
Academy was chartered, and the publication of a jour- 
nal commenced. After several migrations, the Academy 
built its present hall, in 1840. This institution has 
lived and flourished, not by government patronage, but 
by the generous means and earnest zeal of its individual 
members giving time and labour to its interests, with- 
out stint. Its meetings are devoted to the reading of 
scientific papers, verbal communications, and the re- 
ception of donations pertaining to Natural Science. 
The records of these meetings are published every two 
months under the title of Proceedings of the Academy 
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and are embel- 
lished with such illustrations as the papers they contain 
may require. 

The benefit of this institution has not been restricted 



ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. 103 

to the community in which it exists: while, on two 
afternoons in each week, the museum is opened to the 
public, strangers who manifest any interest in the sub- 
jects coming' within the scope of this institution, are 
welcomed, and assisted in the furtherance of their ob- 
ject with all the advantages that the library and museum 
afford. 

The museum, at present, contains an aggregate of 
148,816 specimens of natural history. The birds alone 
comprise 21,000 specimens; plants, 46,000; minerals, 
4,152; fossils, 23,518. Comparative anatomy, 1,120; 
Ethnological specimens, 1,015; fishes, 1,500; reptiles, 
2,000; insects, 6,000; birds' eggs, 5,056; nests, 214; 
shells, 25,000. 

Among the above will be found the magnificent col- 
lection of birds of the Prince of Essling, deposited by 
Dr. "Wilson ; also, the valuable collection of skulls pur- 
chased of the estate of the late Dr. S. G. Morton. 

The Academy takes pleasure in offering to members 
of the National Medical Association, every facility for 
inspecting their cabinet that the convenience of such 
members may admit of during their sojourn in this city. 

The museum and library, containing 13,000 volumes 
on subjects pertaining to Natural Science, will be 
opened, by special resolution of the Academy, to mem- 
bers of the American Medical Association, each day 
during its session, from nine o'clock until two, and 
from three until six. 



104 



ATHENAEUM. 

SIXTH ST., BETWEEN WALNUT AND LOCUST, 

OPPOSITE WASHINGTON SQUARE. 



This Institution was founded in 1814. The present 
edifice was built in 1845-7, and consists of a first story, 
occupied for offices, &c, a main story, occupied by 
the Association, and a third story, in which the His- 
torical Society, the Philadelphia County Medical So- 
ciety, and other societies have rooms. 

The main story, used by the Athenaeum, is divided 
into two large rooms, one appropriated to the library, 
and the other as a newspaper room, and a small room 
for the librarians, which is also used as a dress-r oom. 

The library contains about 12,000 volumes, princi- 
pally history and works of light literature. The lead- 
ing magazines and periodical literary journals of this 
country and Great Britain are regularly received, and 
will be found on the tables in the library; and the 
news-room is well supplied with the newspapers of this 
country and the principal ones of England and France. 



105 

HISTORICAL 

SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 



This institution was founded in 1825, by a number 
of public-spirited citizens of the State, and has realized 
their expectations by accumulating a valuable histo- 
rical library, now numbering three thousand five hun- 
dred volumes, with a large collection of important 
manuscripts ; and by becoming the centre of organized 
effort to perpetuate and illustrate the perishing records 
of the past. 

The liberality of its members has led to the forma- 
tion of a gallery, consisting of portraits of persons 
eminent in our annals and views of scenes in the State 
of historic interest, that already proves to be a source 
of attraction to citizens and strangers. 

With a view to a wide distribution of valuable his- 
torical writings, both original and reprints of rare 
works, and of the highest degree of elegance in typo- 
graphy and illustration, a publication fund was com- 
menced in 1854. It is composed of subscriptions by 
any person whatever, of twenty dollars, which obtains 
the right to receive, during life, one copy of all future 
publications. The money thus received is invested on 
a special trust, and the interest thereof used. The 
fund now amounts to more than 85,000. 

The hall of the society is in the upper portion of the 
Athenaeum, and is open to its members and others from 
10 to 1, and 3 to 5, every day. 

Towxsext) Ward, Librarian. 



106 



MERCANTILE LIBRARY. 

SOUTHEAST CORNER OF FIFTH AND LIBRARY STS. 



The Mercantile Library Company was founded in 
1821, and incorporated in 1824. 

In 1844-'45, the Company erected its present elegant 
building. The room devoted to the Library occupies 
the main or second story, and is an extremely conve- 
nient and beautiful one. The number of volumes is 
about 15,000. 

They are conveniently arranged in cases extending 
around the walls from the floor to the gallery, and from 
the latter to the ceiling. The body of the room is oc- 
cupied by centre-tables, which are lighted by gas, and 
upon which are to be found the daily papers of nearly 
every city in the Union, together with the leading 
American and British periodicals. 

The Library is open daily (Sundays excepted) from 
3 to 10 o'clock P. M. 

Officers for 1855:— 
President. — William E. Bo wen. 
Treasurer.- — William H. Bacon. 
Secretary,— John J. Thompson, 



107 

PENNSYLVANIA 
ACADEMY OF THE FINE ARTS. 

CHESTNUT ST., NORTH SIDE, BETWEEN TENTH AND 
ELEVENTH STS. 



This institution was organized in 1807, for the pro- 
motion of the Fine Arts, by forming collections of 
pictures, statues, &c, the establishment of schools for 
drawing, painting, sculpture, &c. 

The building contains a spacious rotunda, commu- 
nicating with large galleries on the north, east, and 
west. 

The collection of pictures is very large and valuable ; 
there is also a collection of statuary, and a valuable 
library of works on the Fine Arts. 

The Academy will be open all day, and until ten 
o'clock in the evening. 



ART UNION OF PHILADELPHIA, 

No. 212 CHESTNUT ST. 



This Society has an interesting gallery of paintings, 
which is open every day and evening. 



108 
FRANKLIN INSTITUTE. 

SEVENTH ST., BETWEEN CHESTNUT AND MARKET STS. 



This institution was founded in 1824, "for the pro- 
motion and encouragement of manufacturers, and the 
mechanic and useful arts, by the establishment of popu- 
lar lectures on the sciences connected with them ; by 
the formation of a library, reading-room, and a cabi- 
net of models and minerals ; by offering premiums on 
all subjects deemed worthy of encouragement ; by ex- 
amining all new inventions submitted to them ; and by 
such other means as they may deem expedient." 

The hall is a substantial building, of three stories. 
The first story contains a large lecture-room, in which, 
during the winter season, lectures are delivered on 
mechanics, natural philosophy, chemistry, and allied 
subjects. The second story is occupied as a library 
and reading-room. The library contains upwards of six 
thousand volumes, principally scientific works ; and the 
tables are well supplied with periodicals and newspapers. 
The third story is occupied by the cabinets of models 
and minerals, which are large and very interesting. 

The electrical machine formerly used by Benjamin 
Franklin, is here to be seen. 

The Institute holds annually an exhibition of domestic 
manufactures, and premiums are awarded to such pro- 
ductions of industry as are deserving the distinction. 

The Association also publish a monthly journal, de- 
voted to the diffusion of knowledge relative to mecha- 
nics, chemistry, civil engineering, manufactures of all 
kinds, kc. &c. 



109 



UNITED STATES MINT. 

CHESTNUT ST., NEAR BROAD. 



This building was commenced in 1829. It is of 
marble, and has an Ionic portico of six pillars, twenty- 
live feet high. The interior arrangements are very 
convenient, and the machinery by which the different 
processes of coining are conducted, is very remarkable 
for the perfection of its finish, and the accuracy of its 
movements. 

The amount of coinage during the year 1854, was 
$43,108,977 93, comprised in 33,919,921 pieces. 

The entire coinage, from the organization of the 
Mint to the close of 1854, is valued at $365,337,845 94, 
comprised in 488,774,210 pieces. 



10 



110 



UNITED STATES NAVAL ASYLUM. 

GRAY'S FERRY ROAD, BELOW SOUTH ST. 



This beautiful establishment is accessible by the 
Spruce St. omnibuses. 

The main building, which is of marble, has a front of 
360 feet, in the centre of which is an Ionic portico of 
140 feet. Two other elegant buildings, one on either 
side, are appropriated to the higher officers of the insti- 
tution. The grounds comprise about twenty-seven 
acres, which are beautifully laid out and adorned with 
shrubbery. The view from the western front is very 
pleasing. It commands the Schuylkill in either direc- 
tion, and on the opposite side of this stream the exten- 
sive and picturesque grounds of Woodland Cemetery, 
the vast and commanding structure of the Almshouse 
and Philadelphia Hospital, and the suburban residences 
of Hamilton Village, remarkable for the beautiful trees 
which surround them. 

The object of the institution is to supply a home for 
sailors and marines of the navy disabled by age or dis- 
ease. A service of twenty years, and a surgeon's cer- 
tificate that the applicant is unable to labor, are requi- 
site for his admission. At present, the number of 
pensioners is about one hundred and forty. Each one 
occupies a furnished room, is provided with food, 
clothing, tobacco, &c, and is allowed a dollar every 



UNITED STATES NAVAL ASYLUM. Ill 

month as pocket money. The third floor of the right 
wing is used as a hospital, and can conveniently accom- 
modate between thirty and forty patients. Twenty- 
seven persons arc employed in the service of the hospital 
and asylum together. 

The present Governor is Commodore George W. 
Stoker. 

The medical officers are Surgeon James Cormick, 
and Passed Assistant Surgeon P, A. Henderson, 



112 



EASTERN STATE PENITENTIARY, 

COATES ST., WEST OF NINETEENTH ST. 



Tins Building was erected by the State. The first 
prisoners were received into its cells in the year 1829 ; 
since which period 3,213 convicts have been admitted. 
There were 270 in confinement on the first of January 
last. 

The building is a massive one, built of grayish 
granite or gneiss, and occupies a tract of nearly ten 
acres. The front is composed of large blocks of hewn 
granite. The walls are 12 feet thick at the base, and 
diminish to the top, where they are 2| feet in thickness. 
A wall of 30 feet in height above the interior platform 
incloses an area 640 feet square ; at each angle of the 
wall is a tower for the purpose of overlooking the esta- 
blishment ; and three other towers near the gate of 
entrance. 

In the centre of the great eaurt-yarcl is an observa- 
tory, whence eight long corridors radiate towards the 
four sides and four angles of the square. One of these 
corridors leads to the gate of entrance, while upon both 
sides of the remaining seven the prisoners 7 cells are 
arranged ; so that every part of the corridors or 
passage-ways can be seen from the hall of the observa- 
tory. 

Isear the principal entrance are rooms occupied as 



EASTERN STATE PENITENTIARY. 113 

offices, warden's and keepers' apartments, apothecary 
shop, and hospital. 

The cells are 11 feet 9 inches long, and 1 feet 6 
inches wide. In the side of each, next the corridor, is 
a small opening for the purpose of supplying the pri- 
soner with food, &c, and for permitting his movements 
to be inspected without attracting his attention. Other 
apertures, for the purpose of ventilation, are provided. 
Light is admitted from above, by a large glass in the 
crown of the arch, about 16 feet above the floor. 

In the side opposite to the corridor is a doorway 
leading into the yard attached to each cell. This yard 
is 18 feet by 8, and its walls are 11^ feet in height. 

The cells are well lighted and ventilated, and are 
heated by tubes containing hot water. 

These arrangements conduce to the health of the 
convicts, and, at the same time, effectually carry out 
the system of separate confinement. In fact the annual 
mortality of the Penitentiary has never been large, 
whilst in the last three years it has not exceeded one 
per cent. 

A system of education adapted to the wants of the 
prisoners has been introduced, and every effort is made 
to awaken in their minds a desire to learn. 

The management of the Institution is committed to 
a Board of five Inspectors appointed by the Court. 

The chief resident officers are the Warden and Phy- 
sician. 

Warden. — Ximrod Strickland. 
Resident Physician. — D. W. Lassiter. 
The members of the Association will find the Fairmount omni- 
buses the most convenient means of reaching the Prison. The 
line on Coates Street passes by the door. It is necessary to 
procure tickets of admission from one of the Inspectors, unless 
the Association should determine to visit it in a body, when one 
or more of the Inspectors would be there in person to receive 
them. 

10* 



1U 



PHILADELPHIA COUNTY PRISON. 



PASSYUNK ROAD, AT THE INTERSECTION OF SOUTH 
TENTH STREET. 



The Prison consists of an imposing castellated cen- 
tral building, fronting on Passyunk Road, with but- 
tresses and flying towers at the angles, and surmounted 
in its centre by a tall castellated tower. Prom each 
side of the centre building extends, in front, a high 
stone screen, terminating at the angles of the north and 
south wall in high circular towers. On each side the 
centre building, large gateways, in keeping with the 
general architecture of the building, enter, through the 
stone screen, into arched and paved corridors commu- 
nicating with the north and south ranges of cells. 

In the main building are the apartments for the 
warden, the clerk's office, the inspectors' room, etc. 

Directly in the rear of the main building, and sepa- 
rated from it by a small yard, are the bake-house, store- 
rooms, wash-house, etc. 

The cells for the prisoners are arranged in two long 
stone buildings which run west from the main building, 
with a yard on either side of them. The cells are three 
tiers high, on both sides of a hall, and so disposed as to 
preclude the possibility of any recognition or inter- 
course between the prisoners. The two upper tiers of 
cells are reached by means of liffht iron galleries com- 



PHILADELPHIA COUNT'S PRISON. 115 

municating with stone stairways in the thickness of the 
walls. Consequently the central halls, into which the 
cells of each corridor open, extend from pavement to 
roof; skylights in the latter supplying* light and 
ventilation. 

The cells for female prisoners are in a separate build- 
ing, remote from that occupied by the male prisoners, 
and surrounded by a high wall. 

To the north of the Prison, and fronting on Passyunk 
Road, is the building formerly used as a Debtors 7 
Apartment. It is an imitation of the Egyptian style 
of architecture. It is now but little used. 

Between this latter building and the prison is the 
hospital for sick prisoners. This is a plain brick struc- 
ture. 

The prison is constructed of sienite, and the " Debt- 
ors' apartment" of red sandstone. 

During the year ending December 31, 1854, there 
were sent to this prison 10,858 prisoners, w T hich, added 
to 530 remaining December 31, 1853, gives a total of 
11,388. 

Of those admitted during the year, 1,526 were white 
males; 2,089 white females; 113 colored males; and 
530 colored females. 

Physicians. — Drs. T. S. Reed and A. Burden. 



116 



HOUSE OF REFUGE 

FOR 

WHITE AND COLOURED CHILDREN OF BOTH SEXES. 
TWENTY-SECOND AND PARRISH STS. 



This institution incloses within its outside walls over 
six acres of ground. 

The white and coloured departments are entirely dis- 
tinct, separated by a high wall, and under the care, 
each, of its own officers. 

The conviction had long been growing in the com- 
munity among legal and other members not so imme- 
diately in contact with criminals, that crime was the 
effect more of neglect and want of moral training and 
education of youth than of inherent viciousness of na- 
ture. jSTo remedy was offered in the prisons for these 
evils, and children were confined in contact with men 
and women confirmed in vice, thereby influenced for 
life, and their education completed for criminal pursuits. 
Upon this conviction the House of Refuge was erected 
as a school of reform, not as a place of punishment, 
through the munificence of private gifts and legacies, 
aided by the State and city authorities. Minors are 
received here both male and female, vagrant and crimi- 
nal, with those whose parents are so negligent as not 
to afford their children proper parental restraint. This 



HOUSE OF REFUGE. J 17 

institution was founded in 1820, and, previous to Janu- 
ary 1, 1853, had received 38,000 inmates. Of these, 
full three-fourths have been saved from ruin, and re- 
formed. The children are not only kept from associa- 
tion with adults, but are classified among themselves, 
education being adapted to the peculiar tendencies of 
each ; age, moral defects, and educational wants being 
carefully considered. After being educated and tho- 
roughly reformed, these children are bound to such 
mechanics and farmers as the managers may approve, 
and the subsequent course of so large a proportion has 
entirely justified the hope, that after the due operation 
of education, with moral and religious training, but few 
would be found in any community beyond reformation, 



118 



INDEPENDENCE HALL 



IN THE CENTRAL BUILDING OF THE STATE HOUSE, 



CHESTNUT ST., BETWEEN FIFTH AND SIXTH STS. 



The main edifice was erected in IT 34, and its two 
wings were added in 1140. The hall upon the left of 
the principal entrance is that in which the Continental 
Congress held its sessions, and where the Declaration 
of Independence was signed, upon the 4th of July, 
1*7*76. A few years ago, it was carefully restored, so 
as to present exactly the same appearance which it did 
on the birthday of the American nation. It contains 
many interesting memorials of the revolutionary epoch. 
Of these, the most remarkable is the bell, which, in 
accordance with its famous and prophetic inscription, 
"proclaimed liberty throughout all the land" as soon 
as Congress had adopted the Declaration. The por- 
traits, by Peale, form one of the best collections, if 
not the only authentic one, of likenesses of the emi- 
nent men who flourished in the early days of the re- 
public. Among those of physicians and naturalists, 
will be found Rush, Bartram, Shippen, Hanson, Ram- 
say, and Warren. 



119 



PHILADELPHIA WATER-WORKS. 



These occupy an elevated position on the Schuyl- 
kill River, and from the beauty of their site as well as 
the vast expenditure of labour and skill evident in the 
reservoirs and machinery incident to their purpose, are 
much visited; so much so, indeed, that this is the point 
to which a large number of the omnibuses leaving the 
Exchange, and traversing the principal streets of the 
city, are directed. 

At an early date in the history of Philadelphia, the 
subject of public hygiene was forced upon its citizens 
by the fearful ravages of yellow fever. And so im- 
portant was a plentiful supply of good water held to 
be to public health, that the leading men of that day 
made it an object of constant speculation to devise a 
plan by which this supply could be effected. In the 
will of Dr. Franklin, the subject is presented to the 
citizens in an impressive manner. Dr. Franklin be- 
lieved that the wells then in use would deteriorate from 
the fact that the city drainage would prevent them from 
receiving a supply of water during the rains, and ad- 
vised that money should be appropriated to bring the 
Wissahiccon Creek, a distance of seven miles, into the 
city ; this will bears date Jane 23, 1789. 

After the introduction of Schuylkill water upon a 
plan soon found to be inadequate to the increasing de- 
mand of the city, the present works were undertaken. 



120 PHILADELPHIA WATER-WORKS. 

The first attempt to throw water into the present reser- 
voirs was made with stationary steam engines, but 
abandoned on account of the great expense incident to 
their use ; and in the year 1819, it was resolved to sub- 
stitute water-wheels for this purpose. To effect this it 
was necessary to dam the river Schuylkill ; this was 
done, and the present dam measures 1,G00 feet in 
length, backing the water some six miles. The mill- 
houses are substantial buildings of stone 238 feet long 
by 56 feet wide, containing eight wheels and eight 
double acting force pumps. The wheels are of cast- 
iron with wooden buckets, each wheel being 18 feet in 
diameter and 15 in width, weighing 22 tons. The 
pumps have a stroke of about six feet, and work at a 
speed of twelve revolutions the minute. In addition 
to the above is the Jonval Turbine water-wheel, erected 
in 1851. This wheel is not stopped by the tide, and 
runs through the whole 24 hours; by substituting these 
w T heels, the power of the works may be increased to 
6,000,000 gallons per diem. The works at present are 
carried on at an expense of $133 a year per million 
gallons. The reservoirs are five in number, placed at 
a height of 66 T 9 5 4 D - feet above the highest, and 98 j 1 -^ feet 
above the lowest curb in the city, and store an amount 
of 38,687,867 ale gallons of water. There is a stand- 
pipe of cast-iron fifty feet high and four feet in diameter, 
erected as a protection for the pumps. 

The general operation of these works is so admirable 
that Philadelphia has never been without an ample 
supply of water, both for individual consumption and 
the complete cleansing of the city, so requisite for public 
hygiene. 



121 



PHILADELPHIA GAS WORKS. 



The old works, which are still in operation, are 
situated at the foot of Market Street, on the Schuylkill 
River. The new works, also in operation, are on the 
Schuylkill, at Point Breeze. The latter consist of new 
buildings, presenting a combination of great beauty of 
design, with convenience and comfort for those persons 
employed, and are replete with all the modern improve- 
ments for affording gas of the best quality, and with 
the greatest economy. 

Lighting Philadelphia with gas, was first undertaken 
in 1836, in which year there were 277 consumers ; this 
number has now increased to 13,904, requiring a length 
of main pipes equal to 11 9^ miles, consuming 282,224,- 
000 cubic feet a year. The care with which these 
works have been managed is shown in the fact, that of 
all the gas manufactured since 1836, there has been 
but three per cent, wasted, including leakage and loss 
from all sources. By means of the improvements in 
the new works, each retort, with the same amount of 
fuel and men employed, yields 20 per cent, more gas, 
and the amount manufactured from a ton of coal is 
about 16 per cent, greater than in the old works, these 
results being due to the improved setting of the retorts, 
and the introduction of an exhausting engine to relieve 
the retorts from back pressure, In these buildings, 
11 



122 PHILADELPHIA GAS WORKS. 

shed room has been reserved for the storage of 30,000 
tons of coal, and space for the setting of 1,660 retorts, 
capable of supplying eight millions of feet daily. 

Experiments have lately been made at these works, in 
the production of gas from wood, by means of retorts 
invented by the assistant engineer of the works, with 
results highly satisfactory both as regards this mate- 
rial, and the apparatus used. Upon trial, it was found 
that gas of an excellent quality was procured much 
cheaper than that made from coal. A number of the 
above-mentioned retorts have been ordered, as they are 
free from the objections to those imported from Europe, 
in not being subject to certain derangement of parts. 
It has been shown that one cord of ordinary fire-wood 
furnishes nearly twice as much illuminating material as 
a ton of the best Pittsburg coal; i. e., the wood will 
yield nearly a double volume of gas, that affords, when 
properly burned, an equal light, foot for foot, with that 
produced from the coal. 

It may be stated, in conclusion, that the gas from 
these works is afforded at $1.25 per 1,000 feet, and is 
equal to any produced in the country, as has been 
shown by analysis. 



123 



PHILADELPHIA 
CAR-WHEEL WORKS. 

CALLOWHILL ST., BETWEEN 16th AND 17th STS. 



These works are well worthy of attention ; Messrs. 
Whitney & Son have here shown that iron, under the 
direction of ingenuity and skill, can be fashioned with 
as much apparent ease as the most yielding material. 
While there is much intelligence displayed in the in- 
ternal economy of these works in the substitution of 
machinery for manual labour, the exterior is pleasing 
from the beauty of its architecture. The style is Italian, 
and the material granite and brick. The inclosure, 
about two acres, is a hollow square, surrounded on all 
sides by the various departments. The main foundry 
is 250 feet front by 60 feet deep, and covered by a me- 
tallic corrugated roof with iron ties, purlin es, and 
rafters ; a plan of construction by which large build- 
ings of wide span are covered, no intermediate support 
being required, and no wood used. 

At each angle formed by the side buildings with the 
main foundry, there is a chimney 120 feet high, beauti- 
ful in outline and construction, having ornamented 
brick capitals ; these chimneys correspond entirely with 
the architecture of the works, and add much to their 
general pleasing effect. 

This manufactory, with one hundred men, is capable 

of producing about 40,000 wheels yearly, for durability 

and general excellence unsurpassed. While the exterior 

of the wheel, by an artificial process of cooling, has a 

cnlar arrangement of a peculiar crystalline structure, 



124 PHILADELPHIA CAR-WHEEL WORKS. 

giving it great hardness, the interior is rendered soft 
and tough by a process of cooling in kilns, invented by 
the Messrs. Whitney, and found nowhere else in the 
world. By this means the wheels are entirely free from 
cracks and flaws. To arrive at perfection of durability, 
both as regards safety and the power of resisting fric- 
tion on the surface, as many as ten different varieties of 
iron enter the composition accurately apportioned for 
each wheel; these varieties are all procured from the 
mines of Pennsylvania. There are four furnaces capa- 
ble of furnishing 40 tons of melted iron daily. The 
reservoirs receiving the melted iron are placed on a 
railroad in front of the furnaces, and, though contain- 
ing 16 tons each, are tilted by a single man by means 
of machinery, and distributed to the casting ladles, each 
of which holds the material for a single wheel. The 
lifting throughout these works is entirely by machinery, 
the men employed supply the brain alone for these 
operations. 

The machine-shops which form the opposite side of 
the inclosed square are supported in the vaults below 
by arches of great beauty. The lathes for turning the 
axles, and the machinery for boring the wheels, work 
with such unerring nicety that each part produced is 
an exact fac simile of the original model ; and each 
wheel and axle, after completion, are chosen promiscu- 
ously and applied to each other, their mutual adapta- 
tion being certain. The axle and bore in the wheel are 
so perfectly adjusted, that no keys or fastenings are 
employed to hold them together ; the axle being sus- 
pended, the wheels are applied at each end and gradu- 
ally slid home by machinery, the accuracy of their fit 
rendering them immovable. Messrs. Whitney & Son 
are happy to afford any one whose taste may lead them 
to visit their works, every opportunity for information 
that an intelligent explanation and courteous reception 
can supply, 



125 



NOTABLE PLACES. 



There are many other public institutions, and objects 
of interest to the stranger, in Philadelphia, among 
which may be enumerated the following : — 

The public Squares or Parks, of which the prin- 
cipal are these — 

Independence Square, Walnut and 6th Streets. 
Washington Square, Walnut and 6th Streets. 
Rittenhouse Square, Walnut and 18th Streets. 
Logan Square, Race and 18th Streets. 
Franklin Square, Race and 6th Streets. 
Jefferson Square, Federal and 3d Streets. 

CEMETERIES. 

Laurel Hill, on the Schuylkill, which may be 
reached by steamboat every hour from Eairmount. 
Woodland, on the Schuylkill below the Almshouse. 
Monument, Broad Street, beyond Green Hill. 
Glenwood, Ridge Road and Islington Lane. 
Odd Fellows', Islington Lane, near Ridge Road. 

CHURCHES, 

Of those remarkable for historical associations or 
architectural design, may be mentioned 



126 NOTABLE PLACES. 

The Swedes' Church (Gloria Dei), erected A. D. 
1100 ; near the Navy Yard. 

Christ Church, erected A. D. 1127-53 ; 2d Street, 
above Market. 

St. Mark's, Locust, between 16th and 11th Streets. 

St. James the Less, near Laurel Hill. 

Penn Square Presbyterian Church, Broad, above 
Chestnut. 

Presbyterian Reformed Church, Broad, below 
Spruce. 

Presbyterian Church, Arch and 11th Streets. 

Baptist Church, Chestnut, above 18th Streets. 

Baptist Church, Arch and Broad Streets. 

Roman Catholic Cathedral, Logan Square. 

St. Augustine's Church, 4th Street, near Vine St. 

Unitarian Church, 10th and Locust Sts. 

St. Mark's Lutheran Church, Spring Garden and 
13th Streets. 

BANKS. 

North America, Chestnut, above 3d Street. 
Farmers and Mechanics', Chestnut, above 4th St. 
Philadelphia, Chestnut and 4th Streets. 
Commercial, Chestnut, above 3d Street. 
Pennsylvania, 2d, above Walnut. 
Girard, 3d Street, below Chestnut. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Custom House, Chestnut, above 4th Street. 
The Navy Yard and Dry Docks, Southwark, on 
the Delaware. 

New Masonic Hall, Chestnut below 8th Street. 
Merchants' Exchange, Walnut and 3d Streets. 
Schuylkill (Spring Garden) Waterworks 



NOTABLE PLACES. 127 

Northern Liberty Waterworks, Kensington. 
Polytechnic College of Pennsylvania, S. W. 

corner Xorth Penn Square and Market Street. 

Public Normal School, Sargent above 9th St. 

Spring Garden Hall, cor. Spring Garden and 13th 
Streets. 

Spring Garden Institute, Broad and Spring Gar- 
den Streets. 

City Institute, Chestnut and 11th Streets. 

The Penn Cottage, in Lsetitia Court, Market St., 
between Front and 2d. The first brick building erect- 
ed in Philadelphia, and the Residence of William 
Penn, in 1682. 

The " Slate-roof House," corner of iSTorris's Alley 
and 2d Street, between Walnut and Chestnut. In 
revolutionary clays it was occupied by Adams, Han- 
cock, DeKalb, Lee, and other eminent persons of the 
time. 

The William Penn Treaty Monument, erected on 
the site of the tree under the shade of which Penn is 
reputed to have made his treaty with the Indians. On 
the Delaware, at the foot of Shackamaxon Street. 

The Grave of Dr. Franklin, X. W. corner of 
Christ Church Ground, at the corner of Arch and 5th 
Streets. 

Last, but not least, " Carpenter's Hall," at the 
head of Carpenter's Court, Chestnut Street, between 
3d and 4th. In it assembled the first Congress of the 
United Colonies of America, Sept. 1114. 



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